Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27401980›Full record

Trial reportBMC public health2016

Reductions in biomarkers of exposure, impacts on smoking urge and assessment of product use and tolerability in adult smokers following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes.

Carl D D'Ruiz, Donald W Graff, Edward Robinson

4 registry-linked trialsOpen access · goldAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMC public health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
36citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.7field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03463837 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2018, after this paper: background citation

A Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Group Study to Characterize Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure and Nicotine Uptake From JUUL 5% Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) in Adult Smokers

TypeinterventionalSponsorJuul Labs, Inc.Ran2018 to 2018Enrolled90ConditionsNicotine Dependence, Other Tobacco Product, Tobacco Use, Smoking, TobaccoArmsTreatment with JUUL 5%, Virginia Tobacco, Treatment with JUUL 5%, Cool Mint, ENDS, Treatment with JUUL 5%, Mango, ENDS, JUUL 5%, Creme Bruele, ENDS, Combustible cigarette
NCT03719391 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2018, after this paper: background citation

A Randomized, Open-Label, Cross-Over Study to Assess Nicotine Uptake and Subjective Measures With Use of JUUL 5% Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Compared to Usual Brand Combustible Cigarettes, a Comparator E-Cigarette, and Nicotine Gum in Healthy Adult Smokers

TypeinterventionalSponsorJuul Labs, Inc.Ran2018 to 2018Enrolled67ConditionsNicotine Dependence, Nicotine Dependence, Cigarettes, Tobacco Use, Tobacco SmokingArmsVirginia Tobacco flavored JUUL 5% ENDS, Cool Mint flavored JUUL 5% ENDS, Mango flavored JUUL 5% ENDS, Creme Brulee flavored JUUL 5% ENDS, VUSE Solo e-cigarette
NCT04107779 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

A Randomized, Open Label, Parallel Group Study in Adult Smokers to Evaluate Changes in Biomarkers of Cigarette Smoke Exposure After Switching Either Exclusively or Partly to Using JUUL Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems With Two Different Nicotine Concentrations

TypeinterventionalSponsorJuul Labs, Inc.Ran2019 to 2020Enrolled279ConditionsElectronic Cigarette Use, Cigarette Use, Electronic, Tobacco Use, Tobacco SmokingArmsSwitch from UB of Combustible Cigarette to JUUL 5% Virginia Tobacco ENDS, Switch from UB of Combustible Cigarette to JUUL 3% Virginia Tobacco ENDS, Switch from UB of Combustible Cigarette to JUUL 5% Mint ENDS, Switch from UB of Combustible Cigarette to JUUL 3% Mint ENDS, Switch from UB of Combustible Cigarette to JUUL 5% Menthol ENDS
NCT04123041 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

A Randomized, Open-Label, Cross-Over Study to Characterize the Nicotine Uptake and Subjective Effects With Use of JUUL Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems With Multiple Flavors and Nicotine Concentrations, Usual Brand of Combustible Cigarettes, a Comparator E-Cigarette and Nicotine Gum in Adult Smokers

TypeinterventionalSponsorJuul Labs, Inc.Ran2019 to 2019Enrolled137ConditionsElectronic Cigarette Use, Tobacco SmokingArmsJUUL ENDS, Combustible cigarette, comparator e-cigarette, Nicorette gum
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Trial
  6. Effects of Marijuana Use on Smokers Switching to E-Cigarettes in a Randomized Clinical Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022
    Trial
  7. Trial
  8. Trial
  9. Trial
  10. Five-Day Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure Among Adult Smokers After Completely Switching From Combustible Cigarettes to a Nicotine-Salt Pod System.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020
    Trial
  11. Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure Decrease After Smokers Switch to an E-Cigarette or Nicotine Gum.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019
    Trial
  12. E-cigarette use and Barrett's esophagus: evaluating a new risk in the era of vaping.Esophagus : official journal of the Japan Esophageal Society · 2026
    Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Carl D D'RuizClinical Study Consultant, Greensboro, NC, 27455-3407, USA. Carldruiz@gmail.com.
Donald W GraffCelerion, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Edward RobinsonITG Brands, Greensboro, NC, USA.
Celerion (United States) · USGreensboro College · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundElectronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are popular alternatives to conventional cigarettes among adult smokers wishing to reduce their exposure to harmful smoke constituents. However, little information exists on the relative internal exposures resulting from the exclusive or dual use of e-cigarettes.

methodsMeasurements of product use; adverse events; changes in smoking urge; and blood, urine and exhaled breath biomarkers of exposure (BoE) representing toxicants believed to contribute to smoking related diseases were made at baseline and after five days of product use in 105 clinically-confined smokers randomized into groups that partially or completely substituted their usual brand combustible cigarette with commercial e-cigarettes, or discontinued all nicotine and tobacco products.

resultsSubjects switching to e-cigarettes had significantly lower levels (29 %-95 %) of urinary BoEs after 5 days. Nicotine equivalents declined by 25 %-40 %. Dual users who substituted half of their self-reported daily cigarette consumption with e-cigarettes experienced 7 %-38 % reductions, but had increases (1 %-20 %) in nicotine equivalents. Blood nicotine biomarker levels were lower in the cessation (75 %-96 %) and e-cigarette use groups (11 %-83 %); dual users had no significant reductions. All groups experienced significant decreases in exhaled CO (27 %-89 %). Exhaled NO increases (46 %-63 %) were observed in the cessation and e-cigarette use groups; dual users had minimal changes. By Day 5, all groups had greater reductions in smoking urge compared to cessation. However, reductions were larger in the dual use group. No serious adverse events were observed.

conclusionsExposures to harmful smoke toxicants were observed to be lower in smokers who completely or partially replaced their cigarettes with e-cigarettes over five days.

Indexed as

CravingTobacco ProductsAdultBiomarkersElectronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsExhalationFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHazardous SubstancesHumansMaleNicotineSmokingSmoking CessationBiomarkersHazardous SubstancesNicotineAdverse eventsBiomarkers of exposureClinical trialElectronic cigarettesExclusive and dual useNicotine cessationUrge to smoke

Identifiers

PMID27401980
PMCPMC4940751
OpenAlexW2472936346

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.