SynthesisInternational journal of occupational and environmental health2016
Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka.
Synthesis in International journal of occupational and environmental health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review.Journal of nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of clinical pharmacy services on medication adherence and quality of life in pre-dialysis patients with CKDu: a randomized controlled trial from Sri Lanka.BMC nephrology · 2025Trial
- CKD Prevalence in Rural Population of Sri Lanka.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Beyond free healthcare: household out-of-pocket expenditure and catastrophic health expenditure among chronic kidney disease patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- A retrospective study of CKDu progression in Sri Lanka: analysis of kidney biopsies and association with risk factors.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Review
- A Whole-Exome Sequencing-Based Exploration of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in an Endemic Population in Sri Lanka.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Toenail metal concentrations and kidney health among young people at risk of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Living with haemodialysis in Sri Lanka: a qualitative study on patient adaptation and care perceptions.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Lack of evidence for viral etiology in symptomatic chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka.BMC nephrology · 2025Observational
- The silent epidemic of CKDu: advances, challenges, and strategies for sustainable eradication-a narrative review.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2025Review
- Detection of toxoplasmosis by serology and nested-PCR in kidney transplant recipients and patients on hemodialysis from Sri Lanka.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Development, validation, and reliability of a questionnaire to assess risk-factors of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology.Journal of nephrology · 2025Article
- Emerging Roles of Xanthine Oxidoreductase in Chronic Kidney Disease.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Environmental fluoride exposure and implications on potential pediatric kidney health risks: an approach with urinary biomarkers.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
- Chronic kidney disease in Sri Lanka: Health systems challenges of patients on hemodialysis.Public health challenges · 2024Article
- Glyphosate and fluoride in high-hardness drinking water are positively associated with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka.Environmental science & technology letters · 2023Article
- Identifying Serum Metabolites and Gut Bacterial Species Associated with Nephrotoxicity Caused by Arsenic and Fluoride Exposure.Biological trace element research · 2023Article
- Sugarcane ash and sugarcane ash-derived silica nanoparticles alter cellular metabolism in human proximal tubular kidney cells.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2023Article
- Plant-based diets for CKD patients: fascinating, trendy, but feasible? A green nephrology perspective.Clinical kidney journal · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionIn the last two decades, chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has emerged as a significant contributor to the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rural Sri Lanka. It is characterized by the absence of identified causes for CKD. The prevalence of CKDu is 15.1-22.9% in some Sri Lankan districts, and previous research has found an association with farming occupations.
methodsA systematic literature review in Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and Lilacs databases identified 46 eligible peer-reviewed articles and one conference abstract.
resultsGeographical mapping indicates a relationship between CKDu and agricultural irrigation water sources. Health mapping studies, human biological studies, and environment-based studies have explored possible causative agents. Most studies focused on likely causative agents related to agricultural practices, geographical distribution based on the prevalence and incidence of CKDu, and contaminants identified in drinking water. Nonetheless, the link between agrochemicals or heavy metals and CKDu remains to be established. No definitive cause for CKDu has been identified. DISCUSSION: Evidence to date suggests that the disease is related to one or more environmental agents, however pinpointing a definite cause for CKDu is challenging. It is plausible that CKDu is multifactorial. No specific guidelines or recommendations exist for treatment of CKDu, and standard management protocols for CKD apply. Changes in agricultural practices, provision of safe drinking water, and occupational safety precautions are recommended by the World Health Organization.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.