Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27393902›Full record

ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2016

How does state marijuana policy affect US youth? Medical marijuana laws, marijuana use and perceived harmfulness: 1991-2014.

Katherine M Keyes, Melanie Wall, Magdalena Cerdá, John Schulenberg, Patrick M O'Malley, Sandro Galea, Tianshu Feng, Deborah S Hasin

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
92citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

92 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Day-level shifts in social contexts during youth cannabis use treatment.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2021
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32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Katherine M KeyesDepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Melanie WallDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
Magdalena CerdáDepartment of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
John SchulenbergDepartment of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Patrick M O'MalleyInstitute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Sandro GaleaSchool of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
Tianshu FengResearch Foundation of Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA.
Deborah S HasinDepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

Funding

Monitoring the Future: Drug Use & Lifestyles of American Youth (Supp1: Nicotine Pouch and E-cigarette Use Among US Adolescents: National Estimates of Brand Use and Flavor Preferences)R01DA001411 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Richard A Miech · 1985 to 2026
$144.9M
State medical marijuana laws and MTF teen marijuana use and attitudes since 1991R01DA034244 · NIDA · NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE DBA RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR MENTAL HYGIENE, INC · PI HASIN, DEBORAH S · 2012 to 2016
$3.0M
Race, alcohol consumption and vehicle crashes: an epidemiologic paradoxK01AA021511 · NIAAA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI KEYES, KATHERINE M. · 2013 to 2017
$904k
Trajectories of Substance Use and Comorbid Mental IllnessK01DA030449 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI CERDA, MAGDALENA · 2011 to 2015
$897k
NIAAA NIH HHS K01 AA021511NIDA NIH HHS K01 DA030449NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA001411NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA034244
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTo test, among US students: (1) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana has changed over time, (2) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana changed post-passage of state medical marijuana laws (MML) compared with pre-passage; and (3) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana statistically mediates and/or modifies the relation between MML and marijuana use as a function of grade level.

designCross-sectional nationally representative surveys of US students, conducted annually, 1991-2014, in the Monitoring the Future study.

settingSurveys conducted in schools in all coterminous states; 21 states passed MML between 1996 and 2014.

participantsThe sample included 1 134 734 adolescents in 8th, 10th and 12th grades. MEASUREMENTS: State passage of MML; perceived harmfulness of marijuana use (perceiving great or moderate risk to health from smoking marijuana occasionally versus slight or no risk); and marijuana use (prior 30 days). Data were analyzed using time-varying multi-level regression modeling.

findingsThe perceived harmfulness of marijuana has decreased significantly since 1991 (from an estimated 84.0% in 1991 to 53.8% in 2014, P < 0.01) and, across time, perceived harmfulness was lower in states that passed MML [odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-0.97]. In states with MML, perceived harmfulness of marijuana increased among 8th graders after MML passage (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08-1.36), while marijuana use decreased (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.72-0.92). Results were null for other grades, and for all grades combined. Increases in perceived harmfulness among 8th graders after MML passage was associated with ~33% of the decrease in use. When adolescents were stratified by perceived harmfulness, use in 8th graders decreased to a greater extent among those who perceived marijuana as harmful.

conclusionsWhile perceived harmfulness of marijuana use appears to be decreasing nationally among adolescents in the United States, the passage of medical marijuana laws (MML) is associated with increases in perceived harmfulness among young adolescents and marijuana use has decreased among those who perceive marijuana to be harmful after passage of MML.

Indexed as

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHealth PolicyAdolescentCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansLegislation, DrugMaleMarijuana UsePerceptionRisk AssessmentStudentsUnited StatesAdolescentsattitudeslawsmarijuanamedical marijuanaMonitoring the Future

Identifiers

PMID27393902
PMCPMC5222836

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.