ReviewAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences2016
Tear gas: an epidemiological and mechanistic reassessment.
Review in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chili Pepper Flavourants in "Heat" and "Unflavoured" Oral Nicotine Pouches Marketed in the United States.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Emergency department medical care during civil unrest: a narrative review.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2026Review
- Collateral damage: Cardiovascular and respiratory implications of tear gas deployment during peaceful protest.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Short-term health effects of tear agents chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile and oleoresin capsicum during the civil riots of Santiago de Chile in 2019-2020.Toxicological research · 2025Article
- Less-Lethal Weapons and Civilian Injury in Police Use of Force Encounters: A Multi-agency Analysis.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Orbito-cranial penetrating head injury by tear gas canister: A case report.Surgical neurology international · 2025Article
- Chemical Warfare Through the Ages: A Systematic Review From Antiquity to the Present.Journal of toxicology · 2025Review
- Development of the second version of Global Prediction System for Epidemiological Pandemic.Fundamental research · 2024Article
- Pharmacologic Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Ion Channel Ankyrin 1 Counteracts 2-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile Tear Gas Agent-Induced Cutaneous Injuries.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024Article
- Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Spray: An Assessment of Respiratory Health and its Management Following Accidental and Deliberate Exposures.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2024Review
- Monitoring trends in lacrimator exposures using the National Poison Data System: 2000-2021.Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2023Article
- Observational
- More than tears: associations between exposure to chemical agents used by law enforcement and adverse reproductive health outcomes.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2023Article
- Noxious effects of riot control agents on the ocular surface: Pathogenic mechanisms and management.Frontiers in toxicology · 2023Review
- Effects of 2019's social protests on emergency health services utilization and case severity in Santiago, Chile: a time-series analysis.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2022Article
- Capsaicin suppresses ciliary function, while inducing permeability in bronchial epithelial cell cultures of COPD patients.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Public Protests and the Risk of Novel Coronavirus Disease Hospitalizations: A County-Level Analysis from California.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Toxic effects of chlorine gas and potential treatments: a literature review.Toxicology mechanisms and methods · 2021Review
- Health issues and healthcare utilization among adults who reported exposure to tear gas during 2020 Portland (OR) protests: a cross-sectional survey.BMC public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Deployments of tear gas and pepper spray have rapidly increased worldwide. Large amounts of tear gas have been used in densely populated cities, including Cairo, Istanbul, Rio de Janeiro, Manama (Bahrain), and Hong Kong. In the United States, tear gas was used extensively during recent riots in Ferguson, Missouri. Whereas tear gas deployment systems have rapidly improved-with aerial drone systems tested and requested by law enforcement-epidemiological and mechanistic research have lagged behind and have received little attention. Case studies and recent epidemiological studies revealed that tear gas agents can cause lung, cutaneous, and ocular injuries, with individuals affected by chronic morbidities at high risk for complications. Mechanistic studies identified the ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 as targets of capsaicin in pepper spray, and of the tear gas agents chloroacetophenone, CS, and CR. TRPV1 and TRPA1 localize to pain-sensing peripheral sensory neurons and have been linked to acute and chronic pain, cough, asthma, lung injury, dermatitis, itch, and neurodegeneration. In animal models, transient receptor potential inhibitors show promising effects as potential countermeasures against tear gas injuries. On the basis of the available data, a reassessment of the health risks of tear gas exposures in the civilian population is advised, and development of new countermeasures is proposed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.