SynthesisPloS one2016
Smoking and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
- Increased somatic mosaicism in autosomal and X chromosomes for suicide death.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- The Role of Social Support in Preventing Suicidal Ideations and Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of research in health sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of suicide death and suicidal behavior.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Relationship of religion with suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide death: a meta-analysis.Journal of research in health sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Proposal for the Inclusion of Tobacco Use in Suicide Risk Scales: Results of a Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Determinants of Suicidality in the European General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Thiazide Use and Fracture Risk: An updated Bayesian Meta-Analysis.Scientific reports · 2019Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between smoking and the incidence of frailty.Neuropsychiatrie : Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation : Organ der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte und Psychiater · 2019Pooled it
- Associations of Cannabis and Tobacco Use With Suicide Attempt, Suicide Death, and Overdose Death Among Veterans Prescribed Opioid Analgesics.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Examining the chronicity of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among Australian males.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with suicidality in major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional analysis of UK Biobank.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Analysis of Multi-Domain Factors Influencing Mental Health and Suicide: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Areas at City, County, and District Levels in Korea.Journal of Korean medical science · 2025Article
- Tobacco Product Use and Type by Military Veteran Status: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 2021-2023.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Gender differences in gray matter volume of the anterior cingulate cortex and suicidal ideation in patients with major depressive disorder: evidence from the REST-meta-MDD project.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Smoking status and the onset of suicidal ideation among adults in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic.Annals of general psychiatry · 2025Article
- Optimizing Suicide Risk Prediction in Korea: A Comparison of Model Performance Using Resampling Methods and Machine Learning Algorithms.Psychiatry investigation · 2025Article
- Suicidal Behaviors Among Medical Students: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Non-linear relationship between serum α-Klotho and suicide attempt: evidence from a large never-smoking population.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Suicide Risk and Associated Factors in Parkinson Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Association between body roundness index and suicidal ideation in U.S. adults: A cross-sectional study.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMany studies have reported a positive association between smoking and suicide, but the results are inconsistent. This meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the association between smoking and suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide death.
methodsMajor electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were searched until May 2015. The reference lists of included studies were screened too. Epidemiological studies addressing the association between smoking and suicidal behaviors were enrolled. The heterogeneity across studies was explored by Q-test and I2 statistic. The possibility of publication bias was assessed using Begg's and Egger's tests and Trim & Fill analysis. The results were reported based on risk ratio (RR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects model.
resultsWe identified a total of 8062 references and included 63 studies with 8,063,634 participants. Compared to nonsmokers, the current smokers were at higher risk of suicidal ideation (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.53, 2.58; 8 studies; I2 = 80.8%; P<0.001), suicide plan (OR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.69, 3.02; 6 studies; I2 = 85.2%; P<0.001), suicide attempt (OR = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.49, 4.19; 5 studies; I2 = 89.6%; (P<0.001), and suicide death (RR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.64, 2.02; 14 studies; I2 = 49.7%; P = 0.018).
conclusionsThere is sufficient evidence that smoking is associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviors. Therefore, smoking is a contributing factor for suicide. Although this association does not imply causation, however, smoking prevention and cessation should be the target of suicide prevention programs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.