ArticleParasites & vectors2016
Immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva on dermal cells exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-IL-4, Anti-IL-17, and Anti-IFN-Gamma Activity in the Saliva ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The AxBioTick study - immune gene expression signatures in human skin bitten by Borrelia-infected versus non-infected ticks.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- A putative xanthine dehydrogenase is critical forMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2023Article
- Direct Capture and Early Detection of Lyme Disease Spirochete in Skin with a Microneedle Patch.Biosensors · 2022Article
- What do we know about the microbiome ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Recent Progress in Lyme Disease and Remaining Challenges.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Review
- Discovery of Exosomes From Tick Saliva and Salivary Glands Reveals Therapeutic Roles for CXCL12 and IL-8 in Wound Healing at the Tick-Human Skin Interface.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Article
- Differential Tick Salivary Protein Profiles and Human Immune Responses to Lone Star Ticks (Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Mosquito Saliva: The Hope for a Universal Arbovirus Vaccine?The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Review
- Understanding Leishmania parasites through proteomics and implications for the clinic.Expert review of proteomics · 2018Review
- A high-throughput genetic screen identifies previously uncharacterized Borrelia burgdorferi genes important for resistance against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.PLoS pathogens · 2017Article
- The Essential Role of Tick Salivary Glands and Saliva in Tick Feeding and Pathogen Transmission.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe prolonged feeding process of ixodid ticks, in combination with bacterial transmission, should lead to a robust inflammatory response at the blood-feeding site. Yet, factors present in tick saliva may down-regulate such responses, which may be beneficial to spirochete transmission. The primary goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that tick saliva, in the context of Borrelia burgdorferi, can have widespread effects on the production of immune mediators in skin.
methodsA cross-section of tick feeding on skin was examined histologically. Human THP-1 cells stimulated with B. burgdorferi and grown in the presence or absence of tick saliva were examined by human DNA microarray, cytokine bead array, sandwich ELISA, and qRT-PCR. Similar experiments were also conducted using dermal fibroblasts.
resultsTick feeding on skin showed dermal infiltration of histiocytes and granulocytes at the bite location. Changes in monocytic transcript levels during co-culture with B. burgdorferi and saliva indicated that tick saliva had a suppressive effect on the expression of certain pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-8 (CXCL8) and TLR2, but had a stimulatory effect on specific molecules such as the Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit (IL-10RA), a known mediator of the immunosuppressive signal of IL-10. Stimulated cell culture supernatants were analyzed via antigen-capture ELISA and cytokine bead array for inflammatory mediator production. Treatment of monocytes with saliva significantly reduced the expression of several key mediators including IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha. Tick saliva had an opposite effect on dermal fibroblasts. Rather than inhibiting, saliva enhanced production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-8 and IL-6 from these sentinel skin cells.
conclusionsThe effects of ixodid tick saliva on resident skin cells is cell type-dependent. The response to both tick and pathogen at the site of feeding favors pathogen transmission, but may not be wholly suppressed by tick saliva.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.