Trial reportPreventing chronic disease2016
A Trial of the Efficacy and Cost of Water Delivery Systems in San Francisco Bay Area Middle Schools, 2013.
Trial report in Preventing chronic disease, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- School Nutrition Environment and Services: Policies and Practices That Promote Healthy Eating Among K-12 Students.The Journal of school health · 2023Pooled it
- Interventions to increase the consumption of water among children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2020Pooled it
- Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Measuring beverage consumption in US children and adolescents: a systematic review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2018Pooled it
- Effectiveness of a School Drinking Water Promotion and Access Program for Overweight Prevention.Pediatrics · 2023Trial
- Hydrate Philly: An Intervention to Increase Water Access and Appeal in Recreation Centers.Preventing chronic disease · 2020Trial
- Effects of a multipronged beverage intervention on young children's beverage intake and weight: a cluster-randomized pilot study.Public health nutrition · 2019Trial
- Cost-Effectiveness of Installing Water Dispensers in Massachusetts' Schools to Improve Nutrition Environments, Health, and Health Equity.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2026Article
- Sugar-sweetened beverages: consumption, purchasing behaviour, and opinions about policy measures in a nationally representative panel of Dutch secondary school adolescents.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Drinking Water Availability in Public Schools: An Assessment of Four New Jersey School Districts.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Scoping Review of Family and Community Engagement Strategies Used in School-Based Interventions to Promote Healthy Behaviors.The Journal of school health · 2023Article
- Work site access to fluoridated tap water and retail beverages: An assessment of the University of California, San Francisco campuses.Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) · 2022Article
- Evaluation of the 'H2NOE Water Schools' programme to promote water consumption in elementary schoolchildren: a non-randomised controlled cluster trial.Public health nutrition · 2022Article
- A Partnership Among Local Public Health Agencies, Elementary Schools, and a University to Address Childhood Obesity: A Scalable Model of the Assess, Identify, Make It Happen Process.Frontiers in health services · 2022Article
- A cluster-randomized controlled trial of an elementary school drinking water access and promotion intervention: Rationale, study design, and protocol.Contemporary clinical trials · 2021Article
- Healthy beverage initiatives in higher education: an untapped strategy for health promotion.Public health nutrition · 2021Article
- Drinking water access in California schools: Room for improvement following implementation of school water policies.Preventive medicine reports · 2020Article
- A systematic review of the effectiveness of promoting water intake to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption.Obesity science & practice · 2020Article
- Providing Students with Adequate School Drinking Water Access in an Era of Aging Infrastructure: A Mixed Methods Investigation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Agua4All: Providing Safe Drinking Water in Rural California Communities.Preventing chronic disease · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionUS legislation requires that schools offer free drinking water where meals are served. However, little information is available about what types of water delivery systems schools should install to meet such requirements. The study objective was to examine the efficacy and cost of 2 water delivery systems (water dispensers and bottleless water coolers) in increasing students' lunchtime intake of water in low-income middle schools.
methodsIn 2013, twelve middle schools in the San Francisco Bay Area participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial in which they received 6 weeks of promotional activities, received provision of cups, and were assigned to 1 of 2 cafeteria water delivery systems: water dispensers or bottleless water coolers (or schools served as a control). Student surveys (n = 595) and observations examined the interventions' effect on students' beverage intake and staff surveys and public data assessed intervention cost.
resultsAnalysis occurred from 2013 through 2015. Mixed-effects logistic regression, accounting for clustering and adjustment for student sociodemographic characteristics, demonstrated a significant increase in the odds of students drinking water in schools with promotion plus water dispensers and cups (adjusted odds ratio = 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-6.7; P = .004) compared with schools with traditional drinking fountains and no cups or promotion. The cost of dispenser and bottleless water cooler programs was similar ($0.04 per student per day).
conclusionInstead of relying on traditional drinking fountains, schools should consider installing water sources, such as plastic dispensers with cups, as a low-cost, effective means for increasing students' water intake.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.