Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27385803›Full record

ArticleJournal of the National Cancer Institute2016

Selenium and Prostate Cancer: Analysis of Individual Participant Data From Fifteen Prospective Studies.

Naomi E Allen, Ruth C Travis, Paul N Appleby, Demetrius Albanes, Matt J Barnett, Amanda Black, H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Mélanie Deschasaux, Pilar Galan, Gary E Goodman and 26 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
4.7field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Selenium for preventing cancer.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018
    Pooled it
  4. Selenium-Based Nanoplatforms: An Emerging Theranostic Paradigm for Gynecological Cancers.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Oxidative Stress, Diet and Prostate Cancer.The world journal of men's health · 2021
    Review
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Selenium and Sex Steroid Hormones in a U.S. Nationally Representative Sample of Men: A Role for the Link between Selenium and Estradiol in Prostate Carcinogenesis?Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2019
    Article
  20. HTheranostics · 2019
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

36 authors at 9 institutions in 9 countries.

Naomi E AllenAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Ruth C TravisAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Paul N ApplebyAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Demetrius AlbanesAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Matt J BarnettAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Amanda BlackAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
H Bas Bueno-de-MesquitaAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Mélanie DeschasauxAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Pilar GalanAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Gary E GoodmanAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Phyllis J GoodmanAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Marc J GunterAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Markku HeliövaaraAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Kathy J HelzlsouerAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Brian E HendersonAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Serge HercbergAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Paul KnektAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Laurence N KolonelAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Christina LasherasAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Jakob LinseisenAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
E Jeffrey MetterAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Marian L NeuhouserAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Anja OlsenAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Valeria PalaAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Elizabeth A PlatzAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Harri RissanenAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Mary E ReidAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Jeannette M SchenkAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Meir J StampferAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Pär StattinAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Catherine M TangenAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Mathilde TouvierAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Antonia TrichopoulouAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Piet A van den BrandtAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Timothy J KeyAffiliations of authors: Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (NEA) and Cancer Epidemiology Unit (RCT, PNA, TJK), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (DA, AB); Division of Public Health Science (MJB, GEG, MLN), SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) Statistical Center (PJG, CMT), and Cancer Prevention Program (JMS), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology (JMS) and Department of Biostatistics (CMT), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands (HBBdM); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (HBBdM, MJG); Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HBBdM); Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France (MD, PG, SH, MT); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (MH, PK, HR); The Prevention and Research Center Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (KJH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (BEH); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LNK); Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (CL); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (formerly of Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany) (JL); Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (EJM); Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (AO); Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy (VP); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (EAP); Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, NY (MER); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (MJS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MJS); Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (PS); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (AT); Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (PAvdB).
Endogenous Hormones, Nutritional Biomarkers and Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group
Cancer Research UK · GBNuffield Health · GBBrigham and Women's Hospital · USGerman Cancer Research Center · DEHellenic Health Foundation · GROffice of the Assistant Secretary for Health · USRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center · USSorbonne Paris Cité · FRUtrecht University · NL

Funding

SWOG Foreign AccrualsU10CA037429 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HLTH SCIENCE CENTER · PI BLANKE, CHARLES D., MEYSKENS, FRANK L. · 1985 to 2014
$205.2M
SWOG NCORP Research BaseUG1CA189974 · NCI · THE HOPE FOUNDATION · PI CHARLES D. BLANKE, DAWN HERSHMAN · 2014 to 2026
$80.6M
PCPT and SELECT cohorts: Core Infrastructure Support for Cancer Research UM1CA182883 · NCI · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI TANGEN, CATHERINE M., THOMPSON, IAN M. · 2013 to 2017
$5.2M
British Heart FoundationCancer Research UK 16491Cancer Research UK 19170Cancer Research UK C570/A11691Medical Research CouncilNCI NIH HHS U10 CA037429NCI NIH HHS UG1 CA189974NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA182883
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSome observational studies suggest that a higher selenium status is associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer but have been generally too small to provide precise estimates of associations, particularly by disease stage and grade.

methodsCollaborating investigators from 15 prospective studies provided individual-participant records (from predominantly men of white European ancestry) on blood or toenail selenium concentrations and prostate cancer risk. Odds ratios of prostate cancer by selenium concentration were estimated using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression. All statistical tests were two-sided.

resultsBlood selenium was not associated with the risk of total prostate cancer (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio [OR] per 80 percentile increase = 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83 to 1.23, based on 4527 case patients and 6021 control subjects). However, there was heterogeneity by disease aggressiveness (ie, advanced stage and/or prostate cancer death, Pheterogeneity = .01), with high blood selenium associated with a lower risk of aggressive disease (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.87) but not with nonaggressive disease. Nail selenium was inversely associated with total prostate cancer (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.40, Ptrend < .001, based on 1970 case patients and 2086 control subjects), including both nonaggressive (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.50) and aggressive disease (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.31, Pheterogeneity = .08).

conclusionsNail, but not blood, selenium concentration is inversely associated with risk of total prostate cancer, possibly because nails are a more reliable marker of long-term selenium exposure. Both blood and nail selenium concentrations are associated with a reduced risk of aggressive disease, which warrants further investigation.

Indexed as

AgedCase-Control StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedNailsProspective StudiesProstatic NeoplasmsProtective FactorsRisk AssessmentSeleniumToesSelenium

Identifiers

PMID27385803
PMCPMC5241899
OpenAlexW2463791158

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