ReviewToxins2016
Tumor Targeting and Drug Delivery by Anthrax Toxin.
Review in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protective effect of anthrax toxin receptor 2 polymorphism rs4333130 against the risk of ankylosing spondylitis.Medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Reprogramming host histone modifications by bacterial pathogens.Molecules and cells · 2026Review
- Review
- Repurposing of Furin Inhibitors to Reduce PathogenicAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Unlocking the potential of engineered microbes in immunotoxin-based cancer therapy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Some Examples of Bacterial Toxins as Tools.Toxins · 2024Review
- Intracellular Protein Delivery: Approaches, Challenges, and Clinical Applications.BME frontiers · 2024Review
- Depleting ANTXR1 suppresses glioma growth via deactivating PI3K/AKT pathway.Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) · 2023Article
- AB Toxins as High-Affinity Ligands for Cell Targeting in Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Cancer Drug Delivery Systems Using Bacterial Toxin Translocation Mechanisms.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- DARPins bind their cytosolic targets after having been translocated through the protective antigen pore of anthrax toxin.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- ERK and c-Myc signaling in host-derived tumor endothelial cells is essential for solid tumor growth.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Treatment of ovarian cancer with modified anthrax toxin.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Selective targeting of metastatic ovarian cancer using an engineered anthrax prodrug activated by membrane-anchored serine proteases.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Strategies to mitigate the on- and off-target toxicities of recombinant immunotoxins: an antibody engineering perspective.Antibody therapeutics · 2022Review
- Natural and Designed Toxins for Precise Therapy: Modern Approaches in Experimental Oncology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Bacterial Genotoxin-Coated Nanoparticles for Radiotherapy Sensitization in Prostate Cancer.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Recombinant anthrax lethal toxin inhibits cell motility and invasion in breast cancer cells through the dysregulation of Rho GTPases.Oncology letters · 2021Article
- Anthrax lethal factor cleaves regulatory subunits of phosphoinositide-3 kinase to contribute to toxin lethality.Nature microbiology · 2020Article
- Inhibitory Effects of a Reengineered Anthrax Toxin on Canine and Human Osteosarcoma Cells.Toxins · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Anthrax toxin is a potent tripartite protein toxin from Bacillus anthracis. It is one of the two virulence factors and causes the disease anthrax. The receptor-binding component of the toxin, protective antigen, needs to be cleaved by furin-like proteases to be activated and to deliver the enzymatic moieties lethal factor and edema factor to the cytosol of cells. Alteration of the protease cleavage site allows the activation of the toxin selectively in response to the presence of tumor-associated proteases. This initial idea of re-targeting anthrax toxin to tumor cells was further elaborated in recent years and resulted in the design of many modifications of anthrax toxin, which resulted in successful tumor therapy in animal models. These modifications include the combination of different toxin variants that require activation by two different tumor-associated proteases for increased specificity of toxin activation. The anthrax toxin system has proved to be a versatile system for drug delivery of several enzymatic moieties into cells. This highly efficient delivery system has recently been further modified by introducing ubiquitin as a cytosolic cleavage site into lethal factor fusion proteins. This review article describes the latest developments in this field of tumor targeting and drug delivery.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.