ReviewToxins2016
Augmenting the Efficacy of Immunotoxins and Other Targeted Protein Toxins by Endosomal Escape Enhancers.
Review in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single-Chain Variable Fragment Fusion Proteins for Targeted Delivery and Therapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Improving Cytotoxicity of Saporin with Saponin SO1406 Isolated from the Roots of Saponaria Officinalis.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Novel perspectives on MSLN-targeted cancer therapy: from molecular mechanisms to clinical translation.Cancer biology & therapy · 2025Review
- Mutational Analysis of RIP Type I Dianthin-30 Suggests a Role for Arg24 in Endocytosis.Toxins · 2024Article
- Targeting the Inside of Cells with Biologicals: Toxin Routes in a Therapeutic Context.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2023Review
- Synergistic Cytotoxicity of a Toxin Targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and the Glycosylated Triterpenoid SO1861 in Prostate Cancer.Journal of Cancer · 2023Article
- Enhanced cytotoxicity of aFrontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Article
- Antibody-Based Immunotoxins for Colorectal Cancer Therapy.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Targeted Toxins for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Pseudomonas Exotoxin A Based Toxins Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer.Toxins · 2020Article
- Effective Therapeutic Drug Delivery by GALA3, an Endosomal Escape Peptide with Reduced Hydrophobicity.The Journal of membrane biology · 2020Article
- Article
- Review
- Membrane reorganization after photochemical internalization to release transferrin-biofunctionalized polystyrene microparticles.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Human Granzyme B Based Targeted Cytolytic Fusion Proteins.Biomedicines · 2018Review
- Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2018Article
- Targeted dianthin is a powerful toxin to treat pancreatic carcinoma when applied in combination with the glycosylated triterpene SO1861.Molecular oncology · 2017Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The toxic moiety of almost all protein-based targeted toxins must enter the cytosol of the target cell to mediate its fatal effect. Although more than 500 targeted toxins have been investigated in the past decades, no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date. Missing efficacy can be attributed in many cases to insufficient endosomal escape and therefore subsequent lysosomal degradation of the endocytosed toxins. To overcome this drawback, many strategies have been described to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This comprises the use of lysosomotropic amines, carboxylic ionophores, calcium channel antagonists, various cell-penetrating peptides of viral, bacterial, plant, animal, human and synthetic origin, other organic molecules and light-induced techniques. Although the efficacy of the targeted toxins was typically augmented in cell culture hundred or thousand fold, in exceptional cases more than million fold, the combination of several substances harbors new problems including additional side effects, loss of target specificity, difficulties to determine the therapeutic window and cell type-dependent variations. This review critically scrutinizes the chances and challenges of endosomal escape enhancers and their potential role in future developments.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.