ArticleCell2016
Hexokinase Is an Innate Immune Receptor for the Detection of Bacterial Peptidoglycan.
Article in Cell, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 341 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
341 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 547 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of Mitochondria in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Exercise promotes host anti-infection activity through CNDP2 metabolite-mediated inflammasome hyperactivation.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- The phosphate exporter XPR1 promotes gasdermin D-independent mature IL-1β secretion.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Cyclofenil blocks the secretion of IL-1β by inhibiting assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome independent of estrogen receptor.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial profiling across macrophage states reveals inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 reprogramming by the integrated stress response.Science advances · 2026Article
- Review
- Drp1/HK1/NLRP3-Associated Pathway Contributes to Neuronal Pyroptosis-Related Signaling in Neuropathic Pain.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Bacterial-based cancer therapy: mechanisms and therapeutic advances.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Hexokinase expansion in thermophilic snails supports extreme heat tolerance.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis MEM39 (Rv1977) hijacks host aldolase A (ALDOA) to subvert immunometabolism to facilitate bacterial intracellular survival.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- Statins promote muscle metabolic danger and NLRP3-mediated myopathy via lower protein-prenylation and YAP.Science advances · 2026Article
- Infection-induced glucose starvation triggers NINJ1-dependent macrophage lysis and Candida escape.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Streptococcus anginosus activates the NLRP3 inflammasome to promote inflammatory responses from macrophages.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Article
- Apical-out airway organoids as a pathophysiological model to study macrophage-mediated epithelial responses to microplastics.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Diabetic Kidney Disease: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Phagocytosis: a process that shapes immune responses to engulfed meals.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Targeting of Microglial Hexokinase-2 Recalibrates Inflammasome Activation and Improves Functional Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
281 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Degradation of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan in macrophage and dendritic cell phagosomes leads to activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a cytosolic complex that regulates processing and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. While many inflammatory responses to peptidoglycan are mediated by detection of its muramyl dipeptide component in the cytosol by NOD2, we report here that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is caused by release of N-acetylglucosamine that is detected in the cytosol by the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase. Inhibition of hexokinase by N-acetylglucosamine causes its dissociation from mitochondria outer membranes, and we found that this is sufficient to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, we observed that glycolytic inhibitors and metabolic conditions affecting hexokinase function and localization induce inflammasome activation. While previous studies have demonstrated that signaling by pattern recognition receptors can regulate metabolic processes, this study shows that a metabolic enzyme can act as a pattern recognition receptor. PAPERCLIP.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.