SynthesisCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2016
Systematic review of the use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced melanoma.
Synthesis in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating Cytokines in Melanoma Prognosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- A Novel Intersection: Cytomegalovirus Gastritis Following Cemiplimab and Talimogene Laherparepvec in a Patient With Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- Review
- Macrophages in melanoma: A double‑edged sword and targeted therapy strategies (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2022Review
- In-transit metastatic cutaneous melanoma: current management and future directions.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2022Review
- Cancer microenvironment and genomics: evolution in process.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2022Review
- Antitumor Peptide-Based Vaccine in the Limelight.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Development of Peptide-Based Vaccines for Cancer.Journal of oncology · 2022Review
- Step-by-Step Immune Activation for Suicide Gene Therapy Reinforcement.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Blockade of the co-inhibitory molecule PD-1 unleashes ILC2-dependent antitumor immunity in melanoma.Nature immunology · 2021Article
- Formulation and In Vitro Characterization of PLGA/PLGA-PEG Nanoparticles Loaded with Murine Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2021Article
- Review
- MicroRNA-200c restoration reveals a cytokine profile to enhance M1 macrophage polarization in breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2021Article
- Results of redo pulmonary metastasectomy.Journal of thoracic disease · 2021Review
- A new dawn for eosinophils in the tumour microenvironment.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2020Review
- Intratumoural immunotherapies for unresectable and metastatic melanoma: current status and future perspectives.British journal of cancer · 2020Review
- An update on GM-CSF and its potential role in melanoma management.Melanoma management · 2020Review
- Article
- Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Behind Intralesional Immunotherapies for Advanced Melanoma.Cancers · 2020Review
- Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several immunomodulatory checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of patients with advanced melanoma, including ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Talimogene laherparepvec is the first oncolytic virus to gain regulatory approval in the USA; it is also approved in Europe. Talimogene laherparepvec expresses granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and with other GM-CSF-expressing oncolytic viruses in development, understanding the clinical relevance of this cytokine in treating advanced melanoma is important. Results of trials of GM-CSF in melanoma have been mixed, and while GM-CSF has the potential to promote anti-tumor responses, some preclinical data suggest that GM-CSF may sometimes promote tumor growth. GM-CSF has not been approved as a melanoma treatment. We undertook a systematic literature review of studies of GM-CSF in patients with advanced melanoma (stage IIIB-IV). Of the 503 articles identified, 26 studies met the eligibility criteria. Most studies investigated the use of GM-CSF in combination with another treatment, such as peptide vaccines or chemotherapy, or as an adjuvant to surgery. Some clinical benefit was reported in patients who received GM-CSF as an adjuvant to surgery, or in combination with other treatments. In general, outcomes for patients receiving peptide vaccines were not improved with the addition of GM-CSF. GM-CSF may be a valuable therapeutic adjuvant; however, further studies are needed, particularly head-to-head comparisons, to confirm the optimal dosing regimen and clinical effectiveness in patients with advanced melanoma.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.