Trial reportDrug and alcohol dependence2016
Longitudinal changes in smoking abstinence symptoms and alternative reinforcers predict long-term smoking cessation outcomes.
Trial report in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Smoking cessation for improving mental health.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Measurement of substance-free reinforcement in addiction: A systematic review.Clinical psychology review · 2019Pooled it
- Treatment adherence in a smoking cessation clinical trial for individuals with current or past major depressive disorder: Predictors and association with cessation.Addictive behaviors · 2023Trial
- Behavioral activation for smoking cessation and the prevention of smoking cessation-related weight gain: A randomized trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Trial
- A Pilot Study on Approach Bias Modification in Smoking Cessation: Activating Personalized Alternative Activities for Smoking in the Context of Increased Craving.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2022Trial
- Cognitive-behavioral treatment with behavioral activation for smoking cessation: Randomized controlled trial.PloS one · 2019Trial
- The role of alternative reinforcers in smoking outcomes among people with and without HIV.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2025Observational
- Substance use negatively impacts change in reinforcement during the year following substance use treatment.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2025Article
- The influence of sociodemographic, tobacco use, and mental health characteristics on treatment adherence among adults enrolled in a community-based tobacco cessation program.Addictive behaviors reports · 2024Article
- Sources of Environmental Reinforcement and Engagement in Health Risk Behaviors Among a General Population Sample of US Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Probability and predictors of long-term smoking relapse among Chinese adult smokers: A longitudinal study.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Valuation of future alcohol in cross-commodity delay discounting is associated with alcohol misuse/consequences.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2023Article
- Revision of the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale: Development of brief and long forms.Psychological assessment · 2021Article
- Relative expected value of drugs versus competing rewards underpins vulnerability to and recovery from addiction.Behavioural brain research · 2020Review
- The Role of Anxiety in Smoking Onset, Severity, and Cessation-Related Outcomes: a Review of Recent Literature.Current psychiatry reports · 2020Review
- Development of a new craving index for anticipating quitting smoking in patients who undergo the Japanese smoking cessation therapy.Tobacco induced diseases · 2019Article
- Factors Associated with Adherence to Transdermal Nicotine Patches within a Smoking Cessation Effectiveness Trial.Journal of smoking cessation · 2018Article
- Effect of brief exercise on urges to smoke in men and women smokers.Addictive behaviors · 2018Article
- Nicotine Replacement, Topography, and Smoking Phenotypes of E-cigarettes.Tobacco regulatory science · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTransdermal nicotine, with behavioral counseling, is among the most popular approaches used to quit smoking. Yet, 6-month cessation rates rarely exceed 20-25%. Identifying factors associated with cessation success may help researchers and clinicians develop enhanced interventions that can improve quit rates. This study examined longitudinal changes in withdrawal, craving, depression and anxiety symptoms, and alternative reinforcers, from a baseline assessment to a 6-month outcome, as predictors of 6-month smoking cessation outcomes following 8 weeks of nicotine patch treatment and counseling.
methodsA sample of 180 smokers, who completed an effectiveness trial that provided counseling and 8 weeks of 21mg nicotine patches, was analyzed. Generalized estimating equations evaluated changes in withdrawal and craving, depression and anxiety symptoms, and alternative reinforcers over time, between participants who were smoking at 6-months and participants who were abstinent (confirmed with carbon monoxide) at 6-months. Multiple logistic regression assessed changes in these variables as predictors of relapse.
resultsControlling for covariates associated with cessation (i.e., nicotine dependence, patch adherence, and rate of nicotine metabolism), participants who were abstinent at 6 months showed significantly lower craving and withdrawal and significantly higher substitute reinforcers from baseline to 6 months, vs. those who were smoking at 6 months (p<0.001). An increase in craving predicted relapse to smoking (p<0.05).
conclusionsThese results support continued efforts to strengthen interventions that reduce withdrawal and craving and the development of interventions to address alternative reinforcers in order to promote long-term smoking abstinence following nicotine patch treatment.
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