ArticleNeuro-oncology2016
Immune checkpoint blockade as a potential therapeutic target: surveying CNS malignancies.
Open access · greenAbstract read
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Article in Neuro-oncology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
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101citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
10.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- The current status of immune checkpoint inhibitors in pediatric CNS tumors: a systematic review with a representative case of CMMRD-associated glioma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Diagnostic test accuracy and cost-effectiveness of tests for codeletion of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q in people with glioma.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- PD-L1 Expression in Glioblastoma, the Clinical and Prognostic Significance: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Dual biomarker role of PD-L1 and LC3B in glioblastoma: prognostic and therapeutic potential.Neurosurgical review · 2026Review
- Multimodal analysis of pediatric pilocytic astrocytomas reveals tumor location-associated cellular and transcriptional heterogeneity.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Epigenetic Alterations in Glioblastoma Multiforme as Novel Therapeutic Targets: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Unveiling a Novel Glioblastoma Deep Molecular Profiling: Insight into the Cancer Cell Differentiation-Related Mechanisms.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Is modulation of immune checkpoints on glioblastoma-infiltrating myeloid cells a viable therapeutic strategy?Neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Checkpoint antibody receptor modified ARMed CAR T circumvents the suppressive immunome in GBM.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Molecular characterization of gliosarcoma reveals prognostic biomarkers and clinical parallels with glioblastoma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Research progress and challenges of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in gliomas.Cell & bioscience · 2024Review
- Combination of locoregional radiotherapy with a TIM-3 aptamer improves survival in diffuse midline glioma models.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Pediatric glioma immune profiling identifies TIM3 as a therapeutic target in BRAF fusion pilocytic astrocytoma.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Comprehensive analysis to identify the relationship between CALD1 and immune infiltration in glioma.Translational cancer research · 2024Article
- OMA1 competitively binds to HSPA9 to promote mitophagy and activate the cGAS-STING pathway to mediate GBM immune escape.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- Primary Intracranial Gliosarcoma: Is It Really a Variant of Glioblastoma? An Update of the Clinical, Radiological, and Biomolecular Characteristics.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Identification of molecular subtypes and a risk model based on inflammation-related genes in patients with low grade glioma.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Inhibitory Effects of Urolithins, Bioactive Gut Metabolites from Natural Polyphenols, against Glioblastoma Progression.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Immunohistochemical Analysis of PD-1 and FOXP3 in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Human Gliomas.Cureus · 2023Article
- Article
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Sarah T GarberDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
Yuuri HashimotoDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
Shiao-Pei WeathersDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
Joanne XiuDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
Zoran GatalicaDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
Roel G W VerhaakDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
Shouhao ZhouDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
Gregory N FullerDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
Mustafa KhasrawDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
John de GrootDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
Sandeep K ReddyDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
David SpetzlerDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.).
Amy B HeimbergerDepartment of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.) aheimber@mdanderson.org.
University of Sydney · AUCaris Life Sciences (United States) · USThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center · US
Funding
Tumor Evolution and Metastasis ProgramP30CA016672 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TX MD ANDERSON CAN CTR · PI Scott Kopetz · 1985 to 2026
$290.8MTropism Enhanced Oncolytic Adenovirus for the Treatment of Brain TumorsP50CA127001 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TX MD ANDERSON CAN CTR · PI Juan Fueyo · 2008 to 2026
$41.2MModulation of Microglia and T Cell Interactions in Malignant GliomaR01CA120813 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TX MD ANDERSON CAN CTR · PI HEIMBERGER, AMY BETH, RAO, GANESH · 2007 to 2025
$4.7MNCI NIH HHS P30 CA016672NCI NIH HHS P50 CA127001NCI NIH HHS R01 CA120813
Abstract
backgroundExpression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) across glioma grades is undocumented, and their interactions with commonly expressed genetic and epigenetic alterations are undefined but nonetheless highly relevant to combinatorial treatments.
methodsPatients with CNS malignancies were profiled by Caris Life Sciences from 2009 to 2016. Immunohistochemistry findings for PD-1 on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and PD-L1 on tumor cells were available for 347 cases. Next-generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, fragment analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to determine isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and tumor protein 53 mutational status, O(6)-DNA methylguanine-methyltransferase promoter methylation (MGMT-Me) status, PTEN expression, plus epidermal growth factor receptor variant III and 1p/19q codeletion status.
resultsPD-1+ TIL expression and grade IV gliomas were significantly positively correlated (odds ratio [OR]: 6.363; 95% CI: 1.263, 96.236)-especially in gliosarcomas compared with glioblastoma multiforme (P = .014). PD-L1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor grade with all PD-L1+ cases (n = 21) being associated with grade IV gliomas. PD-1+ TIL expression and PD-L1 expression were significantly correlated (OR: 5.209; 95% CI: 1.555, 20.144). Mutations of PTEN, tumor protein 53, BRAF, IDH1, and epidermal growth factor receptor or MGMT-Me did not associate with increased intratumoral expression of either PD-1+ TIL or PD-L1 in glioblastoma multiforme even before false discovery rate correction for multiple comparison.
conclusionsTargeting immune checkpoints in combination with other therapeutics based on positive biomarker selection will require screening of large patient cohorts.
Indexed as
AdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorBrain NeoplasmsChildChild, PreschoolFemaleGliomaHigh-Throughput Nucleotide SequencingHumansImmunohistochemistryIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorCD274 protein, humanPDCD1 protein, humanProgrammed Cell Death 1 Receptorglioblastomaimmune checkpointlow-grade gliomaPD-1PD-L1
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