ArticlePsychopharmacology2016
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in cigarette smokers: effect of heavy caffeine or marijuana use.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01721473 (Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Density and Veteran Cigarette Smokers), which is not on this map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Density and Veteran Cigarette Smokers
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recent cannabis exposure and acute nicotine effects: insights from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intravenous nicotine studies.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- A multi-site study examining the tobacco withdrawal trajectory in people with tobacco and cannabis co-use.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- The Relationship of Varenicline Agonism of α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Nicotine-Induced Dopamine Release in Nicotine-Dependent Humans.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Trial
- Consequences of adolescent drug use.Translational psychiatry · 2023Review
- Nicotine Dependence among Current Cigarette Smokers Who Use E-Cigarettes and Cannabis.Substance use & misuse · 2023Article
- Coffee and cigarettes: Modulation of high and low sensitivity α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by n-MP, a biomarker of coffee consumption.Neuropharmacology · 2022Article
- Independent and Combined Effects of Nicotine or Chronic Tobacco Smoking and HIV on the Brain: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2020Review
- Cigarette smoking quit ratios among adults in the USA with cannabis use and cannabis use disorders, 2002-2016.Tobacco control · 2020Article
- Methylphenidate's effects on thalamic metabolism and functional connectivity in cannabis abusers and healthy controls.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019Article
- The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2019Review
- Combined Effect Of Coffee Consumption And Cigarette Smoking On Serum Levels Of Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, And Lipid Profile In Young Male: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of general medicine · 2019Article
- Effect of overnight smoking abstinence on a marker for microglial activation: a [Psychopharmacology · 2018Article
- The Impact of Combinations of Alcohol, Nicotine, and Cannabis on Dynamic Brain Connectivity.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleUpregulation of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is one of the most well-established effects of chronic cigarette smoking on the brain. Prior research by our group gave a preliminary indication that cigarette smokers with concomitant use of caffeine or marijuana have altered nAChR availability.
objectiveWe sought to determine if smokers with heavy caffeine or marijuana use have different levels of α4β2* nAChRs than smokers without these drug usages.
methodsOne hundred and one positron emission tomography (PET) scans, using the radiotracer 2-FA (a ligand for β2*-containing nAChRs), were obtained from four groups of males: non-smokers without heavy caffeine or marijuana use, smokers without heavy caffeine or marijuana use, smokers with heavy caffeine use (mean four coffee cups per day), and smokers with heavy marijuana use (mean 22 days of use per month). Total distribution volume (Vt/fp) was determined for the brainstem, prefrontal cortex, and thalamus, as a measure of nAChR availability.
resultsA significant between-group effect was found, resulting from the heavy caffeine and marijuana groups having the highest Vt/fp values (especially for the brainstem and prefrontal cortex), followed by smokers without such use, followed by non-smokers. Direct between-group comparisons revealed significant differences for Vt/fp values between the smoker groups with and without heavy caffeine or marijuana use.
conclusionsSmokers with heavy caffeine or marijuana use have higher α4β2* nAChR availability than smokers without these drug usages. These findings are likely due to increased nicotine exposure but could also be due to an interaction on a cellular/molecular level.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.