ArticleNeuropsychiatric disease and treatment2016
Levels of serum immunomodulators and alterations with electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant major depression.
Article in Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Activation of the interleukin-23/Th17 axis in major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Inflammatory markers in depression: A meta-analysis of mean differences and variability in 5,166 patients and 5,083 controls.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2020Pooled it
- Clinical and biological markers of electroconvulsive therapy effectiveness: a narrative review.Translational psychiatry · 2026Review
- Linking inflammatory and structural neuroimaging biomarkers in treatment-resistant depression: Current evidence and emerging hypotheses.Neuroscience applied · 2026Review
- Mechanisms Underlying Treatment-Resistant Depression: Exploring Sex-Based Biological Differences.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Review
- Trajectory of peripheral inflammation during index ECT in association with clinical outcomes in treatment-resistant depression.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Association between rTMS-induced changes in inflammatory markers and improvement in psychiatric diseases: a systematic review.Annals of general psychiatry · 2024Review
- How does IL-6 change after combined treatment in MDD patients? A systematic review.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Review
- Peripheral inflammatory effects of different interventions for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review.Neuroscience applied · 2023Review
- Biological correlates of treatment resistant depression: a review of peripheral biomarkers.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Review
- Current Perspectives on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions for the Inflammatory Mechanism of Unipolar Depression.Brain sciences · 2022Review
- Electroconvulsive Therapy in Psychiatric Disorders: A Narrative Review Exploring Neuroendocrine-Immune Therapeutic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Combination of electroconvulsive stimulation with ketamine or escitalopram protects the brain against inflammation and oxidative stress induced by maternal deprivation and is critical for associated behaviors in male and female rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
- Neuroprotective Effects and Therapeutic Potential of Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation for Depression.Cells · 2021Review
- Medial Forebrain Bundle Deep Brain Stimulation Reverses Anhedonic-Like Behavior in a Chronic Model of Depression: Importance of BDNF and Inflammatory Cytokines.Molecular neurobiology · 2019Article
- Low tumor necrosis factor-α levels predict symptom reduction during electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder.Brain and behavior · 2018Article
- Inflammation and Improvement of Depression Following Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression.The Journal of clinical psychiatryArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Studies in recent years have indicated that neuroimmunological events and immune activation may have a place in the etiology of depression. It has been suggested from data that there is a causal relationship between activation of the immune system and excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the etiology of depression. Although the mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is unclear, there is evidence that it can reduce cytokines and immune system changes. In our study, we aimed to determine how levels of serum immunomodulators were affected by ECT in major depression patients. This study was conducted on 50 patients with treatment-resistant major depression. The data of the patients were compared with 30 healthy individuals with similar demographic characteristics. A clinical response occurred in the patients and at the end of therapy, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-4, and interferon-gamma levels were measured. The disease severity was assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 15. Significant differences were determined between the patients with major depression and control group with respect to basal serum IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-4, and interferon-gamma levels. ECT treatment was shown to reduce these differences. ECT may cause significant changes in the activity of the immune system. The consideration of the relationship between the immune endocrine neurotransmitter systems could contribute to new theories regarding the mechanism of antidepressant treatment and biology of depression.
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Registered trials
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