ReviewExperimental & molecular medicine2016
Stimulatory versus suppressive effects of GM-CSF on tumor progression in multiple cancer types.
Review in Experimental & molecular medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 150 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
150 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 235 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative evidence on the independent contribution of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to anti-GD2 immunotherapy in neuroblastoma: a systematic review and gap analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- GM-CSF downregulates type I IFN responses in glioblastoma-associated monocytes.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Epitranscriptomic silencing of the ZC3H13/mJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Article
- Understanding the dual role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the lung cancer tumor microenvironment and its therapeutic implications.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
- An ontogeny-cytokine code determines macrophage response polarity and tumor outcomes.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal targeting of messenger RNA lipid nanoparticles to the endometrium for the treatment of reproductive disorders.Nature nanotechnology · 2026Article
- Oncolytic viruses: advanced strategies in cancer therapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Tumor-Induced Rewiring of Splenic Niches: from Immune Organ to Cancer Accomplice.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- A microfluidic bone marrow model combining CFD and organ-on-a-chip technologies to study leukemia niche dynamics.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Characterisation of human in vitro tumour-associated macrophage models to define translational relevance.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Recent advances in oncolytic virus combined immunotherapy in tumor treatment.Genes & diseases · 2025Review
- Role of Colony Stimulating Factor 1 (CSF-1) and Its Receptor CSF1R: Macrophage Repolarization for Glioblastoma Treatment.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Review
- Oncotransformation in Bhas 42 Cell Transformation Assay by Typical Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens, PFOA and PFOS, and Time-Course Transcriptome Analysis.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Norcantharidin promotes M1 macrophage polarization and suppresses colorectal cancer growth.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2025Article
- Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Microenvironment Promotes Neuroendocrine Differentiation of Prostate Cancer.Cancer science · 2025Article
- Advances in nanotechnology-enabled adjuvants for peptide-based cancer vaccines.Nano research · 2025Article
- Addressing Immune Response Dysfunction in an Integrated Approach for Testing and Assessment for Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens in Humans: A Targeted Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Adaptive immune changes in colorectal cancer: a focus on T and B cell activation genes.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- CD301b+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells mediate resistance to radiotherapy.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- CSF2 promotes chemoresistance in colorectal cancer by regulating Notch pathway.Discover oncology · 2025Article
90 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, also called CSF-2) is best known for its critical role in immune modulation and hematopoiesis. A large body of experimental evidence indicates that GM-CSF, which is frequently upregulated in multiple types of human cancers, effectively marks cancer cells with a 'danger flag' for the immune system. In this context, most studies have focused on its function as an immunomodulator, namely its ability to stimulate dendritic cell (DC) maturation and monocyte/macrophage activity. However, recent studies have suggested that GM-CSF also promotes immune-independent tumor progression by supporting tumor microenvironments and stimulating tumor growth and metastasis. Although some studies have suggested that GM-CSF has inhibitory effects on tumor growth and metastasis, an even greater number of studies show that GM-CSF exerts stimulatory effects on tumor progression. In this review, we summarize a number of findings to provide the currently available information regarding the anticancer immune response of GM-CSG. We then discuss the potential roles of GM-CSF in the progression of multiple types of cancer to provide insights into some of the complexities of its clinical applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.