ArticlePsychopharmacology2016
Betaine enhances antidepressant-like, but blocks psychotomimetic effects of ketamine in mice.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Betaine: A Promising Natural Product for Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Review
- The association between plasma betaine level and brain structural changes in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics-induced neurotoxicity in adult male Swiss albino mice with amelioration of betaine: a histopathological, neurochemical, and molecular investigation.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Betaine, a Potential Therapeutic Alternative for the Treatment of Depression.Current drug targets · 2025Review
- Chronic corticosterone exposure causes anxiety- and depression-related behaviors with altered gut microbial and brain metabolomic profiles in adult male C57BL/6J mice.Molecular brain · 2024Article
- Age, Dose, and Locomotion: Decoding Vulnerability to Ketamine in C57BL/6J and BALB/c Mice.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Role of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the antidepressant effects of ketamine.Neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- Insights into the metabolic profiling of Polygonati Rhizoma fermented byFrontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Search for serum biomarkers in patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder using metabolome analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- BDNF as a Mediator of Antidepressant Response: Recent Advances and Lifestyle Interactions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Betaine Ameliorates Depressive-Like Behaviors in Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Exposed Mice.Biological trace element research · 2022Article
- Preventive Effect of Betaine Against Cognitive Impairments in Amyloid β Peptide-Injected Mice Through Sirtuin1 in Hippocampus.Neurochemical research · 2022Article
- Alternative Therapy of Psychosis: Potential Phytochemicals and Drug Targets in the Management of Schizophrenia.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Comparative Lipidomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Mystery of Lacquer Oil fromFrontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Anti-depressant Effect of Betaine Mediates via Nitrergic and Serotoninergic Systems in Ovariectomized Mice.Archives of Razi Institute · 2021Article
- Overlap in the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms underlying ketamine abuse and its use as an antidepressant.Behavioural brain research · 2020Review
- The Antidepressant-Like Effects of a Clinically Relevant Dose of Ketamine Are Accompanied by Biphasic Alterations in Working Memory in the Wistar Kyoto Rat Model of Depression.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Rodent ketamine depression-related research: Finding patterns in a literature of variability.Behavioural brain research · 2019Review
- A systematic review of studies investigating the acute effects ofBrain and neuroscience advancesReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ketamine is emerging as a new hope against depression, but ketamine-associated psychotomimetic effects limit its clinical use. An adjunct therapy along with ketamine to alleviate its adverse effects and even potentiate the antidepressant effects might be an alternative strategy. Betaine, a methyl derivative of glycine and a dietary supplement, has been shown to have antidepressant-like effects and to act like a partial agonist at the glycine site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Accordingly, betaine might have potential to be an adjunct to ketamine treatment for depression. The antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and betaine were evaluated by forced swimming test and novelty suppressed feeding test in mice. Both betaine and ketamine produced antidepressant-like effects. Furthermore, we determined the effects of betaine on ketamine-induced antidepressant-like and psychotomimetic behaviors, motor incoordination, hyperlocomotor activity, and anesthesia. The antidepressant-like responses to betaine combined with ketamine were stronger than their individual effects. In contrast, ketamine-induced impairments in prepulse inhibition, novel object recognition test, social interaction, and rotarod test were remarkably attenuated, whereas ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion and loss of righting reflex were not affected by betaine. These findings revealed that betaine could enhance the antidepressant-like effects, yet block the psychotomimetic effects of ketamine, suggesting that betaine can be considered as an add-on therapy to ketamine for treatment-resistant depression and suitable for the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.