SynthesisPloS one2016
Systematic Review of Willingness to Pay for Health Insurance in Low and Middle Income Countries.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Willingness to pay for National Health Insurance Services and Associated Factors in Africa and Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Willingness to pay for social health insurance in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Consumers' Willingness to Pay for eHealth and Its Influencing Factors: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Pooled it
- Economics of physical activity in low-income and middle- income countries: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2021Pooled it
- Willingness-to-Pay for Health Insurance in South Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Public health challenges · 2026Review
- Willingness to pay for health insurance in Italy: evidence from a survey on consumers' behaviour.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Payment compliance of informal sector workers in Indonesia National Health Insurance: a study on ability and willingness to pay.Health economics review · 2025Article
- Article
- Response to: willingnessPublic health nutrition · 2024Article
- Collaborative governance of an integrated system for collecting contributions for social health insurance, pension, and taxes from the informal sector: a synthesis of stakeholder perspectives.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Re-envisioning contributory health schemes to achieve equity in the design of financial protection mechanisms in low- and middle-income countries.Health affairs scholar · 2024Article
- Role of Socioeconomic Status in National Health Insurance Ownership in Indonesia's Rural Areas.Journal of research in health sciences · 2024Article
- Psychosocial determinants of the willingness to pay for social health insurance among workers at a commercial bank in Dessie, Ethiopia: a multi-setting study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Whether or not to enroll, and stay enrolled? A Tanzanian cross-sectional study on voluntary health insurance.Health policy OPEN · 2023Article
- Preference and willingness to pay for reproductive health services among adults in Urban-Rural transition settings of a developing country: evidence from a cross-sectional study in a rural district of Hanoi, Vietnam.BMC health services research · 2023Article
- Can the Public-Private Business Model Provide a Sustainable Quality Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Program in Low- and Middle-Income Countries?World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery · 2023Article
- The role of risk preferences: voluntary health insurance in rural Tanzania.Health economics review · 2023Article
- Willingness to pay for a National Health Insurance Scheme in The Gambia: a contingent valuation study.Health policy and planning · 2023Article
- Potential demand for National Health Insurance in Zimbabwe: Evidence from selected urban informal sector clusters in Harare.PloS one · 2023Article
- Corruption and informal sector households' participation in health insurance in Sierra Leone.PloS one · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveAccess to healthcare is mostly contingent on out-of-pocket spending (OOPS) by health seekers, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This would require many LMICs to raise enough funds to achieve universal health insurance coverage. But, are individuals or households willing to pay for health insurance, and how much? What factors positively affect WTP for health insurance? We wanted to examine the evidence for this, through a review of the literature.
methodsWe systematically searched databases up to February 2016 and included studies of individual or household WTP for health insurance. Two authors appraised the identified studies. We estimated the WTP as a percentage of GDP per capita, and adjusted net national income per capita of each country. We used meta-analysis to calculate WTP means and confidence intervals, and vote-counting to identify the variables that more often affected WTP.
result16 studies (21 articles) from ten countries met the inclusion criteria. The mean WTP of individuals was 1.18% of GDP per capita and 1.39% of adjusted net national income per capita. The corresponding figures for households were 1.82% and 2.16%, respectively. Increases in family size, education level and income were consistently correlated with higher WTP for insurance, and increases in age were correlated with reduced WTP.
conclusionsThe WTP for healthcare insurance among rural households in LMICs was just below 2% of the GPD per capita. The findings demonstrate that in moving towards universal health coverage in LMICs, governments should not rely on households' premiums as a major financing source and should increase their fiscal capacity for an equitable health care system using other sources.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.