Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2016
Spot urine sodium measurements do not accurately estimate dietary sodium intake in chronic kidney disease.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00785629 (A Double Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Maintenance of Normal Serum Phosphorus in Chronic Kidney Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Double Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Maintenance of Normal Serum Phosphorus in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- The dietary management of sodium in children with kidney diseases-clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Guideline
- A Systematic Review of Salt Taste Function and Perception Impairments in Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- KASL clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis: Ascites and related complications.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2018Guideline
- Impact of fractional excretion of sodium on a single morning void urine collection as an estimate of 24-hour urine sodium.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Trial
- KASL clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis: Ascites and related complications 2026.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Article
- Comparison of Measured 24-Hour Urinary Salt Excretion With Spot Urine and 24-Hour Dietary Recall Estimates Among Adolescents and Parents: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Frequency of adding salt to foods, metabolic signature, and the risk of extracoronary atherosclerotic vascular disease progression.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Measurement of sodium in soft tissue and bone in a sodium diet intervention study usingPhysiological measurement · 2025Article
- Sodium Intake Estimation in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Measurement Methods to Clinical Outcomes.Turkish journal of nephrology · 2025Article
- A methodology study for sodium quantification in bone and soft tissue based on in vivo neutron activation analysis using a two-compartment model.Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine · 2025Article
- Spot urinary sodium in CKD patients: correlation with 24h-excretion and evaluation of commonly used prediction equations.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Role of Nutrients in Pediatric Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Correct Supplementation.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Article
- Association Between Dietary Potassium Intake Estimated From Multiple 24-Hour Urine Collections and Serum Potassium in Patients With CKD.Kidney international reports · 2023Article
- Dietary sodium estimation methods: accuracy and limitations of old and new methods in individuals at high cardiovascular risk.Public health nutrition · 2022Article
- 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Cardiovascular Risk.The New England journal of medicine · 2022Article
- The Association of Salt Intake and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Validity of predictive equations for 24-h urinary sodium excretion at the population and individual levels among Chinese adults aged 18-69 years.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Spot Urine Samples to Estimate Na and K Intake in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Adults: A Secondary Analysis From a Controlled Feeding Study.Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation · 2021Article
- Effects of Within-Person Variability in Spot Urinary Sodium Measurements on Associations With Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSodium intake influences blood pressure and proteinuria, yet the impact on long-term outcomes is uncertain in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Accurate assessment is essential for clinical and public policy recommendations, but few large-scale studies use 24-h urine collections. Recent studies that used spot urine sodium and associated estimating equations suggest that they may provide a suitable alternative, but their accuracy in patients with CKD is unknown.
objectiveWe compared the accuracy of 4 equations [the Nerbass, INTERSALT (International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure), Tanaka, and Kawasaki equations] that use spot urine sodium to estimate 24-h sodium excretion in patients with moderate to advanced CKD.
designWe evaluated the accuracy of spot urine sodium to predict mean 24-h urine sodium excretion over 9 mo in 129 participants with stage 3-4 CKD. Spot morning urine sodium was used in 4 estimating equations. Bias, precision, and accuracy were assessed and compared across each equation.
resultsThe mean age of the participants was 67 y, 52% were female, and the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 31 ± 9 mL · min(-1) · 1.73 m(-2) The mean ± SD number of 24-h urine collections was 3.5 ± 0.8/participant, and the mean 24-h sodium excretion was 168.2 ± 67.5 mmol/d. Although the Tanaka equation demonstrated the least bias (mean: -8.2 mmol/d), all 4 equations had poor precision and accuracy. The INTERSALT equation demonstrated the highest accuracy but derived an estimate only within 30% of mean measured sodium excretion in only 57% of observations. Bland-Altman plots revealed systematic bias with the Nerbass, INTERSALT, and Tanaka equations, underestimating sodium excretion when intake was high.
conclusionThese findings do not support the use of spot urine specimens to estimate dietary sodium intake in patients with CKD and research studies enriched with patients with CKD. The parent data for this study come from a clinical trial that was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00785629.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.