Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2016
Seven-Year Efficacy of RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine among Young African Children.
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00872963 (An Extended Follow up of a Phase 2b Vaccine Trial With RTS,S/AS01E in Kilifi District, Kenya.), which is not on this map. Cited by 244 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
An Extended Follow up of a Phase 2b Vaccine Trial With RTS,S/AS01E in Kilifi District, Kenya.
Who cites it
244 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 426 citations in OpenAlex.
- Randomized trials of housing interventions to prevent malaria and Aedes-transmitted diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Malaria vaccine protection against intradermal or venous parasites: a randomized phase 2b human challenge trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- The effect of Plasmodium falciparum exposure and maternal anti-circumsporozoite protein antibodies on responses to RTS,S/AS01The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Schistosome and malaria exposure and urban-rural differences in vaccine responses in Uganda: a causal mediation analysis using data from three linked randomised controlled trials.The Lancet. Global health · 2024Trial
- Subcutaneous Administration of a Monoclonal Antibody to Prevent Malaria.The New England journal of medicine · 2024Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36/CpG malaria vaccine in healthy Burkinabe adults and children: a phase 1b randomised, controlled, double-blinded, age de-escalation trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Induction, decay, and determinants of functional antibodies following vaccination with the RTS,S malaria vaccine in young children.BMC medicine · 2022Trial
- Impact of exposure to malaria and nutritional status on responses to the experimental malaria vaccine ChAd63 MVA ME-TRAP in 5-17 month-old children in Burkina Faso.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Multifunctional Antibodies Are Induced by the RTS,S Malaria Vaccine and Associated With Protection in a Phase 1/2a Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2021Trial
- Environmental modifiers of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine efficacy in Lilongwe, Malawi.BMC public health · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Concentration and avidity of antibodies to different circumsporozoite epitopes correlate with RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine efficacy.Nature communications · 2019Trial
- Outcomes of controlled human malaria infection after BCG vaccination.Nature communications · 2019Trial
- Baseline exposure, antibody subclass, and hepatitis B response differentially affect malaria protective immunity following RTS,S/AS01E vaccination in African children.BMC medicine · 2018Trial
- Equitable access to monoclonal antibodies targeting parasites.Trends in parasitology · 2026Review
- Sero-epidemiological and functional evaluation of IgG specific for a cysteine protease inhibitor ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- A structure-based epitope tagging approach identifies vulnerable sites on the malarial P36-P52 protein complex for antibody-mediated neutralization of Plasmodium sporozoites.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- The Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme reduced clinical malaria in Kenya, 2020 to 2022 : Impact evaluation with predictive time-series models of routine surveillance data.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Mannosylated nanoparticle immunogens enhance the circumsporozoite protein-specific B cell response and improve protection against sporozoite challenge.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
184 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01 is being evaluated in order to inform a decision regarding its inclusion in routine vaccination schedules.
methodsWe conducted 7 years of follow-up in children who had been randomly assigned, at 5 to 17 months of age, to receive three doses of either the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine or a rabies (control) vaccine. The end point was clinical malaria (temperature of ≥37.5°C and infection with Plasmodium falciparum of >2500 parasites per cubic millimeter). In an analysis that was not prespecified, the malaria exposure of each child was estimated with the use of information on the prevalence of malaria among residents within a 1-km radius of the child's home. Vaccine efficacy was defined as 1 minus the hazard ratio or the incidence-rate ratio, multiplied by 100, in the RTS,S/AS01 group versus the control group.
resultsOver 7 years of follow-up, we identified 1002 episodes of clinical malaria among 223 children randomly assigned to the RTS,S/AS01 group and 992 episodes among 224 children randomly assigned to the control group. The vaccine efficacy, as assessed by negative binomial regression, was 4.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], -17.0 to 21.9; P=0.66) in the intention-to-treat analysis and 7.0% (95% CI, -14.5 to 24.6; P=0.52) in the per-protocol analysis. Vaccine efficacy waned over time (P=0.006 for the interaction between vaccination and time), including negative efficacy during the fifth year among children with higher-than-average exposure to malaria parasites (intention-to-treat analysis: -43.5%; 95% CI, -100.3 to -2.8 [P=0.03]; per-protocol analysis: -56.8%; 95% CI, -118.7 to -12.3 [P=0.008]).
conclusionsA three-dose vaccination with RTS,S/AS01 was initially protective against clinical malaria, but this result was offset by rebound in later years in areas with higher-than-average exposure to malaria parasites. (Funded by the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00872963.).
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.