ReviewThe Yale journal of biology and medicine2016
Balance of the Sexes: Addressing Sex Differences in Preclinical Research.
Review in The Yale journal of biology and medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Preclinical and clinical sex differences in the effects of alcohol on measures of brain dopamine: a systematic review.Biology of sex differences · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Methodological Considerations for the Use of Single Prolonged Stress and Fear Extinction Retention in Rodents.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- The problem with one-size-fits-all medicine: Biological sex and the aging immune system.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- How Does Biological Sex Impact Mucosal Bacterial Infection? Mucosal Defenses and Bacterial Detection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Fetal Bovine Serum Modulates Primary Human Cell Phenotypes, Endothelial Barrier Function, Vasculogenesis, and Angiogenesis in a Sex-Specific Manner.Cellular and molecular bioengineering · 2025Article
- Zoographics in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior: Increasing inclusion of female animals.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2024Article
- Detection of sex-specific glutamate changes in subregions of hippocampus in an early-stage Alzheimer's disease mouse model using GluCEST MRI.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Studying intramuscular fat deposition and muscle regeneration: insights from a comparative analysis of mouse strains, injury models, and sex differences.Skeletal muscle · 2024Article
- Sex matters in preclinical research.Disease models & mechanisms · 2024Article
- Unmasking the Adverse Impacts of Sex Bias on Science and Research Animal Welfare.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Variability in variability: does variation in morphological and physiological traits differ between men and women?Royal Society open science · 2023Article
- Sex differences in allometry for phenotypic traits in mice indicate that females are not scaled males.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Sex Difference Leads to Differential Gene Expression Patterns and Therapeutic Efficacy in Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA Murine Model Receiving AAV8 Gene Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Differential impact of JUUL flavors on pulmonary immune modulation and oxidative stress responses in male and female mice.Archives of toxicology · 2022Article
- Strain-, Sex-, and Time-Dependent Antidepressant-like Effects of Cannabidiol.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Lower variability in female students than male students at multiple timescales supports the use of sex as a biological variable in human studies.Biology of sex differences · 2021Article
- Article
- Strain-based and sex-biased differences in adrenal and pancreatic gene expression between KK/HlJ and C57BL/6 J mice.BMC genomics · 2021Article
- The Effects of Furosemide on Behavioral and Hormonal Parameters in Male and Female Mice Subjected to Immobilization and Cold-Water Stress.Journal of experimental pharmacology · 2021Article
- Women in neuroscience: Where are we in 2019?Journal of neuroscience research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Preclinical research is fundamental for the advancement of biomedical sciences and enhancing healthcare. Considering sex differences in all studies throughout the entire biomedical research pipeline is necessary to adequately inform clinical research and improve health outcomes. However, there is a paucity of information to date on sex differences in preclinical work. As of 2009, most (about 80 percent) rodent studies across 10 fields of biology were still conducted with only male animals. In 2016, the National Institutes of Health implemented a policy aimed to address this concern by requiring the consideration of sex as a biological variable in preclinical research grant applications. This perspective piece aims to (1) provide a brief history of female inclusion in biomedical research, (2) describe the importance of studying sex differences, (3) explain possible reasons for opposition of female inclusion, and (4) present potential additional solutions to reduce sex bias in preclinical research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
27354851PMC4918870What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.