ReviewClinical & translational immunology2016
Toll-like receptors: the swiss army knife of immunity and vaccine development.
Review in Clinical & translational immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 269 citations in OpenAlex.
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- RIG-I Stimulation Enhances the Effector Function and Proliferation of Primary Human CD8+ T Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Disease-Causing Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets in Infectious Diseases: Implications for Clinical Management and Public Health.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- TZ1391: a computationally designed circular mRNA multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Mycobacterium tuberculosis via TLR3 immunomodulation.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- PulmonaromFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Immune Checkpoints and Tumor Microenvironment Modulation in Cancer Immunotherapy.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Targeting Folate Receptors for the Detection and Selective Treatment of Cancer: Advanced Precision Oncology in Practice.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Pangenome-Guided Reverse Vaccinology and Immunoinformatics Approach for Rational Design of a Multi-Epitope Subunit Vaccine Candidate Against the Multidrug-Resistant PathogenPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Discovery of a small molecule TLR3 agonist adjuvant.Nature communications · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 conjugate vaccine elicits robust immune responses that can protect against evolving variants.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Metal coordination polymer nanoparticles for cancer therapy.Essays in biochemistry · 2025Review
- Opportunities and challenges of mRNA technologies in development of dengue virus vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Subgingival microbiota and genetic factors (A-2570G, A896G, and C1196T TLR4 polymorphisms) as periodontal disease determinants.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2025Article
- Design of a peptide-based vaccine against human respiratory syncytial virus using a reverse vaccinology approach: evaluation of immunogenicity, antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- In Silico Subtractive Proteome Analysis to Design Multi-Epitope-Based Subunit Vaccine againstJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Advances of computational methods enhance the development of multi-epitope vaccines.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2024Review
- Molecular mechanisms ofInfection and immunity · 2024Article
- Evaluation of intranasal TLR2/6 agonist INNA-051: safety, tolerability and proof of pharmacology.ERJ open research · 2024Article
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Innate immune cells have a critical role in defense against infection and disease. Central to this is the broad specificity with which they can detect pathogen-associated patterns and danger-associated patterns via the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) they express. Several families of PRRs have been identified including: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors. TLRs are one of the most largely studied families of PRRs. The binding of ligands to TLRs on antigen presenting cells (APCs), mainly dendritic cells, leads to APC maturation, induction of inflammatory cytokines and the priming of naive T cells to drive acquired immunity. Therefore, activation of TLRs promotes both innate inflammatory responses and the induction of adaptive immunity. Consequently, in the last two decades mounting evidence has inextricably linked TLR activation with the pathogenesis of immune diseases and cancer. It has become advantageous to harness these aspects of TLR signaling therapeutically to accelerate and enhance the induction of vaccine-specific responses and also target TLRs with the use of biologics and small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of disease. In these respects, TLRs may be considered a 'Swiss Army' knife of the immune system, ready to respond in a multitude of infectious and disease states. Here we describe the latest advances in TLR-targeted therapeutics and the use of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.