ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2016
Gender differences in self-reported withdrawal symptoms and reducing or quitting smoking three years later: A prospective, longitudinal examination of U.S. adults.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of exercise of different intensities on withdrawal symptoms among people with substance use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluating mediators of the effect of varenicline preloading on smoking abstinence in a randomized controlled trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Trial
- Acute effects of outdoor and indoor walking on cigarette cravings, withdrawal symptoms and affective response during temporary smoking abstinence.Psychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Pain characteristics and nicotine deprivation as predictors of performance during a laboratory paradigm of smoking cessation.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2020Trial
- Not just neurons: glial mechanisms driving sex-specific vulnerability to withdrawal and relapse in substance use disorder.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2026Review
- Exploring gender differences in tobacco cue-induced craving and heart rate variability in individuals with a tobacco use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Real-World Effectiveness of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Sampling in Chinese Women of a Sex-Specific Smoking Cessation Program in Hong Kong, China.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- The effects of nicotine on sleep in female C57BL/6J mice.Behavioural brain research · 2025Article
- Associations Between Childhood Trauma and Tobacco Use Outcomes in Adults after Overnight Abstinence.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- The association of individual cognition and social environment of smoking with autonomy over tobacco: A survey from rural China.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Puffing topography and physiological responses in men and women with low versus high waterpipe dependence during smoking: The WiHi Irbid project.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Gender Differences in Negative Affect During Acute Tobacco Abstinence Differ Between African American and White Adult Cigarette Smokers.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Article
- The effects of oral nicotine administration and abstinence on sleep in male C57BL/6J mice.Psychopharmacology · 2019Article
- Intolerance for smoking abstinence among nicotine-deprived, treatment-seeking smokers.Addictive behaviors · 2018Article
- Tobacco withdrawal among opioid-dependent smokers.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2018Article
- Gender Differences of Arterial Stiffness and Arterial Age in Smokers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLittle is known about gender differences in withdrawal symptoms among smokers in the community. This study used longitudinal epidemiologic data to examine gender differences in current smokers' report of withdrawal symptoms during past quit attempts and the relationship between withdrawal symptoms and the odds of reducing or quitting smoking three years later.
methodsData were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; Wave 1, 2001-2001, n=43,093; Wave 2, 2004-2005, n=34,653). Analyses were conducted on respondents who reported current daily cigarette smoking at Wave 1 (n=6911). Withdrawal symptoms during past quit attempts were assessed at Wave 1. Current smoking status was assessed at Wave 2.
resultsWave 1 current smoking women, compared to men, were more likely to endorse any withdrawal symptoms, withdrawal-related discomfort, and withdrawal-related relapse (ps<0.0001). Women endorsed a greater number of withdrawal symptoms than men (M=2.37, SE=0.05 versus M=1.78, SE=0.04; p<0.0001). The odds of reducing and quitting smoking were significantly lower for respondents who reported any Wave 1 withdrawal symptoms, withdrawal-related discomfort, and withdrawal-related relapse. These relationships did not differ for women versus men. Among men, the odds of reducing smoking at Wave 2 decreased significantly with each cumulative withdrawal symptom compared to women (β interaction=0.87; p=0.01).
conclusionsWomen were more likely to report withdrawal while the relationship between withdrawal symptoms and decreased likelihood of reducing smoking was stronger in men. Identifying gender differences in withdrawal can help develop strategies to help reduce withdrawal for both men and women.
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