Trial reportNutrients2016
Improvements in Cycling but Not Handcycling 10 km Time Trial Performance in Habitual Caffeine Users.
Trial report in Nutrients, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dose-Response Effect of Oral Caffeine Use on Aerobic Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Strategies to Augment the Cardiovascular System and Acutely Enhance Exercise Performance in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Scoping Review.Sports medicine - open · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of caffeine ingestion on time trial performance in cyclists: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Dietary Supplementation for Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Pooled it
- Melatonin, Caffeine, or Their Combination: Effects on Sleep, Performance, Perceived Exertion in a Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Effects of caffeine supplementation on physical performance and mood dimensions in elite and trained-recreational athletes.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2020Trial
- International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021Review
- Comment on: "Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?"Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
- Acute Caffeine Supplementation Does Not Improve Performance in Trained CrossFitSports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Effects of Dietary Supplements on Adaptations to Endurance Training.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Review
- Self-Selected Pacing during a 24 h Track Cycling World Record.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Shoulder and thorax kinematics contribute to increased power output of competitive handcyclists.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2019Article
- Sport Nutrigenomics: Personalized Nutrition for Athletic Performance.Frontiers in nutrition · 2019Review
- Correction to: The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Caffeine supplementation during whole-/lower-body exercise is well-researched, yet evidence of its effect during upper-body exercise is equivocal. The current study explored the effects of caffeine on cycling/handcycling 10 km time trial (TT) performance in habitual caffeine users. Eleven recreationally trained males (mean (SD) age 24 (4) years, body mass 85.1 (14.6) kg, cycling/handcycling peak oxygen uptake ( V · peak) 42.9 (7.3)/27.6 (5.1) mL∙kg∙min(-1), 160 (168) mg/day caffeine consumption) completed two maximal incremental tests and two familiarization sessions. During four subsequent visits, participants cycled/handcycled for 30 min at 65% mode-specific V · peak (preload) followed by a 10 km TT following the ingestion of 4 mg∙kg(-1) caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA). Caffeine significantly improved cycling (2.0 (2.0)%; 16:35 vs. 16:56 min; p = 0.033) but not handcycling (1.8 (3.0)%; 24:10 vs. 24:36 min; p = 0.153) TT performance compared to PLA. The improvement during cycling can be attributed to the increased power output during the first and last 2 km during CAF. Higher blood lactate concentration (Bla) was reported during CAF compared to PLA (p < 0.007) and was evident 5 min post-TT during cycling (11.2 ± 2.6 and 8.8 ± 3.2 mmol/L; p = 0.001) and handcycling (10.6 ± 2.5 and 9.2 ± 2.9 mmol/L; p = 0.006). Lower overall ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were seen following CAF during the preload (p < 0.05) but not post-TT. Lower peripheral RPE were reported at 20 min during cycling and at 30 min during handcycling, and lower central RPE was seen at 30 min during cycling (p < 0.05). Caffeine improved cycling but not handcycling TT performance. The lack of improvement during handcycling may be due to the smaller active muscle mass, elevated (Bla) and/or participants' training status.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.