ArticleExperimental and clinical psychopharmacology2016
Measurement of smoking behavior: Comparison of self-reports, returned cigarette butts, and toxicant levels.
Article in Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03749876 (A Randomized Cross-over Clinical Trial of Unfiltered Cigarettes), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized Cross-over Clinical Trial of Unfiltered Cigarettes
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessing the evidence on the differential impact of menthol versus non-menthol cigarette use on smoking cessation in the U.S. population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Varenicline for Adolescent Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA pediatrics · 2019Trial
- Nondaily Smokers' Changes in Cigarette Consumption With Very Low-Nicotine-Content Cigarettes: A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial.JAMA psychiatry · 2018Trial
- Unraveling the Implications of Digit Bias in Digital Health - A Literature Review.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Review
- Internalized Homophobia and Cigarette Use Among Latino and Black Sexual Minority Men: Protective and Risk Factors.Stigma and health · 2025Article
- Risk of all-cause mortality by various cigarette smoking indices: A longitudinal study using the Korea National Health Examination Baseline Cohort in South Korea.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Hypothetical Interventions on Diet Quality and Lifestyle Factors to Improve Breast Cancer Survival: The Pathways Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Retrospective and Real-time Measures of the Quantity of E-cigarette Use: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- A Time-Varying Effect Model (TVEM) of the Complex Association of Tobacco Use and Smoke Exposure on Mean Telomere Length: Differences between Racial and Ethnic Groups Assessed in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Measurement of cigarette smoking: Comparisons of global self-report, returned cigarette filters, and ecological momentary assessment.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Harm reduction for smokers living with HIV.The lancet. HIV · 2021Review
- Individual and joint contributions of genetic and methylation risk scores for enhancing lung cancer risk stratification: data from a population-based cohort in Germany.Clinical epigenetics · 2020Article
- Factors associated with tobacco smoking among Saudi college students: A systematic review.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2020Review
- The Great Disrupter: Relationship of Alexithymia to Emotion Regulation Processes and Smoking among Pregnant Women.Substance use & misuse · 2020Article
- An electronic, smart lighter to measure cigarette smoking: A pilot study to assess feasibility and initial validity.Addictive behaviors · 2019Article
- Consistency and reliability of smoking-related variables: longitudinal study design in asthma and COPD.European clinical respiratory journal · 2019Article
- The prevalence of substance use among Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants in Finland: a population-based study.BMC public health · 2018Article
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- Biochemistry of nicotine metabolism and its relevance to lung cancer.The Journal of biological chemistryReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A basic tenet of empirical research on cigarette smoking behavior is the systematic assessment of patterns of use. However, the large majority of extant research relies on smokers' retrospective reports of their average number of cigarettes per day (CPD), a measure that may be variable in terms of reliability and validity. Using data from 3 previously published studies of non-treatment-seeking daily smokers (combined N = 89), this analysis examined the reliability of self-reported CPD, the consistency of returned cigarette butts each day over 4 consecutive 24-hr periods, the validity of self-reported CPD compared with returned cigarette butts, and the relationship of CPD and returned cigarette butts to toxicant exposure. Results showed that self-reported CPD was reliable across telephone and in-person screening interviews (r = .87, p < .01). Although average self-reported CPD and returned cigarette butt counts did not differ significantly, t(87) = -1.5 to 0.3, all ns, butt counts revealed a wider range of variability in daily smoking behavior. In addition, self-reported cigarette use exhibited substantial digit bias (Whipple's index = 413.8), meaning that participants tended to round their estimates to values ending in 0 or 5. Cigarette butt counts, but not self-reported CPD, were significantly associated with exposure to smoke toxicants. However, this former relationship was revealed to be linear, but not curvilinear, in nature. These findings have implications for both research and treatment efforts, as researchers often rely on accurate assessment of CPD to predict a variety of smoking-related outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.