ArticleOncotarget2016
Combination of radiotherapy and vaccination overcomes checkpoint blockade resistance.
Article in Oncotarget, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with a PD-1 inhibitor, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and thymosin-α1 in advanced metastatic solid tumors: a multicenter Phase II clinical trial.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Trial
- Enhancing immunotherapy efficacy with synergistic low-dose radiation in metastatic melanoma: current insights and prospects.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Tumor battlefield within inflamed, excluded or desert immune phenotypes: the mechanisms and strategies.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2024Review
- Myeloid MyD88 restricts CD8Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Tumor resident memory CD8 T cells and concomitant tumor immunity develop independently of CD4 help.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy on tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and PD-L1 expression in metastatic breast cancer.British journal of cancer · 2023Article
- Review
- Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Hot and Cold Tumors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The roles of CC chemokines in response to radiation.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2022Review
- Immunological Classification of Tumor Types and Advances in Precision Combination Immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Article
- The intrinsic immunogenic properties of cancer cell lines, immunogenic cell death, and how these influence host antitumor immune responses.Cell death and differentiation · 2021Review
- Optimal combination treatment regimens of vaccine and radiotherapy augment tumor-bearing host immunity.Communications biology · 2021Article
- Immune Response: A Missed Opportunity Between Vitamin D and Radiotherapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Immunotherapy as sensitizer for local radiotherapy.Oncoimmunology · 2020Review
- PD-L1 on dendritic cells attenuates T cell activation and regulates response to immune checkpoint blockade.Nature communications · 2020Article
- Inhibitory checkpoints in human natural killer cells: IUPHAR Review 28.British journal of pharmacology · 2020Review
- Review
- A liposomal RNA vaccine inducing neoantigen-specific CD4Oncoimmunology · 2020Article
- Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy for Cancer: From "Systemic" to "Multisite".Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The majority of cancer patients respond poorly to either vaccine or checkpoint blockade, and even to the combination of both. They are often resistant to high doses of radiation therapy as well. We examined prognostic markers of immune cell infiltration in pancreatic cancer. Patients with low CD8+ T cell infiltration and high PD-L1 expression (CD8+ TloPD-L1hi) experienced poor outcomes. We developed a mouse tumor fragment model with a trackable model antigen (SIYRYYGL or SIY) to mimic CD8+ TloPD-L1hi cancers. Tumors arising from fragments contained few T cells, even after vaccination. Fragment tumors responded poorly to PD-L1 blockade, SIY vaccination or radiation individually. By contrast, local ionizing radiation coupled with vaccination increased CD8+ T cell infiltration that was associated with upregulation of CXCL10 and CCL5 chemokines in the tumor, but demonstrated modest inhibition of tumor growth. The addition of an anti-PD-L1 antibody enhanced the effector function of tumor-infiltrating T cells, leading to significantly improved tumor regression and increased survival compared to vaccination and radiation. These results indicate that sequential combination of radiation, vaccination and checkpoint blockade converts non-T cell-inflamed cancers to T cell-inflamed cancers, and mediates regression of established pancreatic tumors with an initial CD8+ TloPD-L1hi phenotype. This study has opened a new strategy for shifting "cold" to hot tumors that will respond to immunotherapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.