ArticleJournal of anatomy2016
Spatially dense morphometrics of craniofacial sexual dimorphism in 1-year-olds.
Article in Journal of anatomy, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Skeletal and soft-tissue changes in humans with untreated normal occlusion throughout lifetime: a systematic review.Odontology · 2023Pooled it
- Measuring sexual dimorphism in human faces.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- How Sex Shapes Facial Morphology in Adults: A 3D Geometric Morphometric Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Influence of the surgical method used for lip closure on the shape of the maxillary arch: a retrospective 3D analysis of plaster models.Head & face medicine · 2025Article
- Interplay of polymorphisms in sex hormone receptors and facial sexual differentiation in shaping prosocial behavior.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Arcuate eminence distance to temporal bone outer table in the middle fossa repair of superior canal dehiscence.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Characterization of Facial Sexual Dimorphism in Juveniles.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Velopharyngeal Anatomy of 9- and 10-Year-Old Children.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2023Article
- Longitudinal Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetric Growth Analysis in Infants with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate from 3 to 12 Months of Age.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Using data-driven phenotyping to investigate the impact of sex on 3D human facial surface morphology.Journal of anatomy · 2023Article
- Sexual dimorphism in human midfacial growth patterns from newborn to 5 years old based on computed tomography.Journal of anatomy · 2023Article
- Article
- A 3D analysis of growth trajectory and integration during early human prenatal facial growth.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- A broad autism phenotype expressed in facial morphology.Translational psychiatry · 2020Article
- Morphometric approach to 3D soft-tissue craniofacial analysis and classification of ethnicity, sex, and age.PloS one · 2020Article
- Facial masculinity does not appear to be a condition-dependent male ornament and does not reflect MHC heterozygosity in humans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- An automatic approach for classification and categorisation of lip morphological traits.PloS one · 2019Article
- Modelling 3D craniofacial growth trajectories for population comparison and classification illustrated using sex-differences.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- SNPs Associated With Testosterone Levels Influence Human Facial Morphology.Frontiers in genetics · 2018Article
- Association Between Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Craniofacial Shape of Children at 12 Months of Age.JAMA pediatrics · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of geometric morphometrics allow for powerful statistical hypothesis testing for effects of biological and environmental variables on anatomical shape. This study used partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and the recently developed bootstrapped response-based imputation modelling (BRIM) algorithm to test for sexual dimorphism in the craniofacial shape of 1-year-old humans. We observed a recession of the forehead in boys relative to girls, and differences in the nose, consistent with adult dimorphism. Results also suggest that the degree to which individuals express dimorphic traits is continuous throughout the population. This is also seen in adult dimorphism but in 1-year-olds the amount of overlap between groups is much higher, indicating the strength of dimorphism between sexes is lower. Our results demonstrate early sexual dimorphism that is not attributable to the influx of sex hormones at puberty. This highlights the need to look at very early ontogeny for the origins of sexual dimorphism. We suggest that future work look at potential mediating effects of this early dimorphism on the later impact of puberty. The subtle shape differences we have detected, may also be applied to sexing fossilised crania. A common artefact in 3D images of faces of young children is that they often have their mouths open to varying degrees, introducing variability in the data unrelated to anatomy. We describe two PLSR-based methods of correcting this. These methods may facilitate surgical planning and assessment of young children based on 3D images.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.