ArticlePLoS pathogens2016
Multi-epitope Models Explain How Pre-existing Antibodies Affect the Generation of Broadly Protective Responses to Influenza.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Immune Response to Influenza Neuraminidase After Vaccination: A Systematic Review.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Exogenous melatonin boosts vaccine-induced immunity in individuals with high pre-existing influenza immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a ferritin nanoparticle H2 influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a phase 1 trial.Nature medicine · 2022Trial
- EBNA1Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- The Dual Role of Preexisting Immunity in Influenza: Protective Recall Versus Constraint of Novel Responses.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Repeated influenza vaccination results in blunting rather than back-boosting of antibody responses against A(H3N2) antigens.Research square · 2026Article
- Preexisting IgG forms immune complexes and links local thermal reactogenicity with immunogenicity in influenza vaccination.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Epitope-spanning antigenic variation reprograms immunodominance and broadens immunity in sequential influenza vaccination.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Surface-bioengineering of bacteriophage AP205 and MS2 virus-like particles with novel Spytag003 for antigen conjugation.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Article
- DNA origami vaccines program antigen-focused germinal centers.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Unveiling an Immunological Mystery: Deciphering the Durability Divide in Vaccine-Elicited Antibody Responses.Current HIV research · 2026Review
- A narrative review of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes and vaccine efficacy: strategizing pandemic preparedness in Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Article
- Fusion of Complement Fragment C3d Enhances Germinal Center Responses to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Design, Co-Expression, and Evaluation for Assembly of the Structural Proteins from Thermophilic Bacteriophage ΦIN93.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
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- Assembly and performance of a cholera RDT prototype that detects bothJournal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Multi-strain modeling of influenza vaccine effectiveness in older adults and its dependence on antigenic distance.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Vaccination against rapidly evolving pathogens and the entanglements of memory.Nature immunology · 2024Review
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The development of next-generation influenza vaccines that elicit strain-transcendent immunity against both seasonal and pandemic viruses is a key public health goal. Targeting the evolutionarily conserved epitopes on the stem of influenza's major surface molecule, hemagglutinin, is an appealing prospect, and novel vaccine formulations show promising results in animal model systems. However, studies in humans indicate that natural infection and vaccination result in limited boosting of antibodies to the stem of HA, and the level of stem-specific antibody elicited is insufficient to provide broad strain-transcendent immunity. Here, we use mathematical models of the humoral immune response to explore how pre-existing immunity affects the ability of vaccines to boost antibodies to the head and stem of HA in humans, and, in particular, how it leads to the apparent lack of boosting of broadly cross-reactive antibodies to the stem epitopes. We consider hypotheses where binding of antibody to an epitope: (i) results in more rapid clearance of the antigen; (ii) leads to the formation of antigen-antibody complexes which inhibit B cell activation through Fcγ receptor-mediated mechanism; and (iii) masks the epitope and prevents the stimulation and proliferation of specific B cells. We find that only epitope masking but not the former two mechanisms to be key in recapitulating patterns in data. We discuss the ramifications of our findings for the development of vaccines against both seasonal and pandemic influenza.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.