ReviewToxins2016
VacA's Induction of VacA-Containing Vacuoles (VCVs) and Their Immunomodulatory Activities on Human T Cells.
Review in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Microbiome modulation of tumorigenesis and immune responses.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Development of a multi-epitope vaccine against Helicobacter pylori using a novel saRNA technology through an immunoinformatics approach.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Effect of concurrent infection of Helicobacter pylori with Toxoplasma gondii infection on gastric pathology.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Strategies ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- There Are No Insurmountable Barriers: Passage of theMembranes · 2023Review
- Oral exposure toFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Helicobacter pylori: an up-to-date overview on the virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2022Review
- Functional Properties of Oligomeric and Monomeric Forms of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Geographic distribution of the cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA and dupA genes of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in China.Gut pathogens · 2021Article
- Review
- Functional Properties of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin m1 and m2 Variants.Infection and immunity · 2020Article
- Detection of Helicobacter pylori and its virulence genes (cagA, dupA, and vacA) among patients with gastroduodenal diseases in Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, South Africa.BMC gastroenterology · 2019Article
- Intracellular Degradation of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin as a Determinant of Gastric Epithelial Cell Viability.Infection and immunity · 2019Article
- Direct Manipulation of T Lymphocytes by Proteins of Gastrointestinal Bacterial Pathogens.Infection and immunity · 2018Review
- Natural history of Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin in human gastric epithelium in vivo: vacuoles and beyond.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) is a secreted pore-forming toxin and one of the major virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which actively supports the persistence and survival of the bacteria in the special ecological niche of the human stomach. H. pylori genomes harbor different allelic forms of the vacA gene, which translate into functionally distinct VacA toxin types. VacA internalizes into various cell types via membrane or specific receptor interactions finally forming acidic endocytic VacA-containing vacuoles (VCVs). In this review, we focus on different characteristics of VacA, its interaction with host cells, the formation and protein content of VCVs and their intracellular transport into human T cells, which finally leads to the immunosuppressive phenotype of VacA. Immunomodulatory activities of VacA on human T cells are discussed with a focus on T-cell proliferation and calcium signaling.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.