ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2016
Emerging Roles of Toxin-Antitoxin Modules in Bacterial Pathogenesis.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Overview of Type II and III Toxin-Antitoxin Systems with a Focus on Druggability.Toxins · 2018Pooled it
- The role of toxin-antitoxin systems inJournal of bacteriology · 2026Review
- Quantitative Metaproteomic Characterization of Acetic Acid Bacteria Reveals Functional Dynamics During Verdejo Wine Acetification.Proteomes · 2026Article
- Modulation of Hachiman defence by a type II toxin-antitoxin system via balancing trade-off between the fitness cost and antiphage activity.Engineering microbiology · 2026Article
- Insights into toxin-antitoxin systems in the genusApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Review
- Crystal Structure and Functional Characterization of YjgK From Salmonella Typhimurium.Proteins · 2025Article
- Beyond Resistance: Tolerance and Resilience of Bacteria to Photodynamic and Oxidative Stress.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Toxin-antitoxins and sigma factors may optimize the fitness of free-living bacteria throughout the life cycle via an integrated nutrient-responsive cybernetic system.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Review
- Bacterial programmed cell death and toxin-antitoxin system in bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Evidence for a Functional HipBA Toxin-Antitoxin System inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Insight into the environmental cues modulating the expression of bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Regulatory mechanisms of acetic acid, ethanol and high temperature tolerances of acetic acid bacteria during vinegar production.Microbial cell factories · 2024Review
- Chromosomal Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems May Enhance Bacterial Fitness of a Hybrid PathogenicToxins · 2024Article
- Bacterial persisters: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Toxin release by conditional remodelling of ParDE1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to gyrase inhibition.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Comparative analysis of genes expression involved in type II toxin-antitoxin system in Staphylococcus aureus following persister cell formation.Molecular biology reports · 2024Article
- Are all VapC toxins ofJournal of biosciences · 2024Article
- Type II bacterial toxin-antitoxins: hypotheses, facts, and the newfound plethora of the PezAT system.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2023Article
- Bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin Systems' Cross-Interactions-Implications for Practical Use in Medicine and Biotechnology.Toxins · 2023Review
- Structure, Substrate Specificity and Role of Lon Protease in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Survival.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) cassettes are encoded widely by bacteria. The modules typically comprise a protein toxin and protein or RNA antitoxin that sequesters the toxin factor. Toxin activation in response to environmental cues or other stresses promotes a dampening of metabolism, most notably protein translation, which permits survival until conditions improve. Emerging evidence also implicates TAs in bacterial pathogenicity. Bacterial persistence involves entry into a transient semi-dormant state in which cells survive unfavorable conditions including killing by antibiotics, which is a significant clinical problem. TA complexes play a fundamental role in inducing persistence by downregulating cellular metabolism. Bacterial biofilms are important in numerous chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases and cause serious therapeutic problems due to their multidrug tolerance and resistance to host immune system actions. Multiple TAs influence biofilm formation through a network of interactions with other factors that mediate biofilm production and maintenance. Moreover, in view of their emerging contributions to bacterial virulence, TAs are potential targets for novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches that are required urgently in an era of expanding antibiotic resistance. This review summarizes the emerging evidence that implicates TAs in the virulence profiles of a diverse range of key bacterial pathogens that trigger serious human disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.