ReviewEmerging infectious diseases2016
Current Guidelines, Common Clinical Pitfalls, and Future Directions for Laboratory Diagnosis of Lyme Disease, United States.
Review in Emerging infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamics of Borrelial Antibodies in European Lyme Borreliosis Patients with Erythema Migrans.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- News Fluorescence-Based Polarization Immunoassays as a Frontline Test for the Rapid Detection of Acute and Late Phase Lyme-Borreliosis Disease.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Findings From Electronic Medical Record Review of 2500 Patients Identified With Lyme Disease Diagnoses, Test Orders, and Antibiotic Orders in the SubLyme Network.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Development of a fluorescent reporter strain to facilitate studies ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Article
- A unique infective etiology for cardiomyopathy in a South Asian patient.Journal of cardiology cases · 2026Article
- Automated Enrichment of DNA Biomarkers from Large-Volume Samples: Detection ofAnalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Multiplexed single-tier immunoassay for improved Lyme disease diagnosis across all disease stages.Research square · 2026Article
- The potential to improve Lyme disease diagnostics through quantification of immunoglobulin class switching patterns.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- The multiplexed single-tier InBios Lyme Detect Multiplex ELISA is more sensitive than standard two-tier tests in the early stages of Lyme disease.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- A novel single-tier serologic test to diagnose all stages of Lyme disease.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Class and isotype of VlsE-specific antibody differentiates Lyme disease stage.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Lyme-Borreliosis Disease: IgM Epitope Mapping and Evaluation of a Serological Assay Based on Immunodominant Bi-Specific Peptides.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Understanding the Perspectives, Experiences, Beliefs, and Knowledge of Health Care Practitioners on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Disease in Canada.Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2025Article
- Lyme Carditis With Complete Heart Block.Cureus · 2025Article
- Acute Febrile Illness Accompanied by 7th and 12th Cranial Nerve Palsy Due to Lyme Disease Following Travel to Rural Ecuador: A Case Report and Mini-Review.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Article
- Early disseminated cutaneous Lyme disease with SIADH, transaminitis, and pancytopenia: A case report.SAGE open medical case reports · 2025Article
- Lyme borreliosis in Brazil: a critical review on the Baggio-Yoshinari syndrome (Brazilian Lyme-like disease).Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Rapid single-tier serodiagnosis of Lyme disease.Nature communications · 2024Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the United States, Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted to humans by blacklegged ticks. Patients with an erythema migrans lesion and epidemiologic risk can receive a diagnosis without laboratory testing. For all other patients, laboratory testing is necessary to confirm the diagnosis, but proper interpretation depends on symptoms and timing of illness. The recommended laboratory test in the United States is 2-tiered serologic analysis consisting of an enzyme-linked immunoassay or immunofluorescence assay, followed by reflexive immunoblotting. Sensitivity of 2-tiered testing is low (30%-40%) during early infection while the antibody response is developing (window period). For disseminated Lyme disease, sensitivity is 70%-100%. Specificity is high (>95%) during all stages of disease. Use of other diagnostic tests for Lyme disease is limited. We review the rationale behind current US testing guidelines, appropriate use and interpretation of tests, and recent developments in Lyme disease diagnostics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.