ArticleAntiviral research2016
Signaling via pattern recognition receptors NOD2 and TLR2 contributes to immunomodulatory control of lethal pneumovirus infection.
Article in Antiviral research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trends and advances inFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- Review
- Alveolar Macrophages in Viral Respiratory Infections: Sentinels and Saboteurs of Lung Defense.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Reduced microbial diversity of the nasopharyngeal microbiome in household contacts with latent tuberculosis infection.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Microbiome Modulation as a Novel Strategy to Treat and Prevent Respiratory Infections.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The role of respiratory microbiota in the protection against viral diseases: respiratory commensal bacteria as next-generation probiotics for COVID-19.Bioscience of microbiota, food and health · 2022Review
- Antiviral Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Probiotics as Promising Antivirals.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- The Beneficial Role of ProbioticFrontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Differential Expression of Mitosis and Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes during Recovery from an Acute Respiratory Virus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Network Topology of Biological Aging and Geroscience-Guided Approaches to COVID-19.Frontiers in aging · 2021Article
- Persistent Airway Hyperresponsiveness Following Recovery from Infection with Pneumonia Virus of Mice.Viruses · 2021Article
- Revisiting the Development of Vaccines Against PathogenicFrontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Respiratory Epithelial Cells Respond toViruses · 2020Article
- Article
- Article
- TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Phagocyte Escape ofFrontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Innate immune memory through TLR2 and NOD2 contributes to the control of Leptospira interrogans infection.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) engage microbial components in the lung, although their role in providing primary host defense against respiratory virus infection is not fully understood. We have previously shown that Gram-positive Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) administered to the respiratory tract promotes full and sustained protection in response to an otherwise lethal mouse pneumovirus (PVM) infection, a robust example of heterologous immunity. While Lp engages PRRs TLR2 and NOD2 in ex vivo signaling assays, we found that Lp-mediated protection was unimpaired in single gene-deleted TLR2(-/-) and NOD2(-/-) mice. Here we demonstrate substantial loss of Lp-mediated protection in a double gene-deleted NOD2(-/-)TLR2(-/-) strain. Furthermore, we demonstrate protection against PVM infection by administration of the bi-functional NOD2-TLR2 agonist, CL-429. The bi-functional NOD2-TLR2 ligand CL-429 not only suppresses virus-induced inflammation, it is significantly more effective at preventing lethal infection than equivalent amounts of mono-molecular TLR2 and NOD2 agonists. Interestingly, and in contrast to biochemical NOD2 and/or TLR2 agonists, Lp remained capable of eliciting primary proinflammatory responses from NOD2(-/-)TLR2(-/-) mice in vivo and from alveolar macrophages challenged ex vivo. Taken together, we conclude that coordinate engagement of NOD2 and TLR2 constitutes a key step in the genesis of Lp-mediated protection from a lethal respiratory virus infection, and represents a critical target for modulation of virus-induced inflammatory pathology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.