ArticleScience translational medicine2016
Antibiotics, birth mode, and diet shape microbiome maturation during early life.
Article in Science translational medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 846 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
846 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- What is the nature of sleep and circadian rhythm health on gastrointestinal microbiota? A systematic review of studies in humans.Sleep medicine reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Factors affecting dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in the elderly and the progress of interventions in traditional Chinese and Western medicine.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Synbiotic supplementation leads to gut microbiome communities with functional capacity linked to better brain white matter development in preterm infants.Gut microbes · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Maternal antibiotic prophylaxis during cesarean section has a limited impact on the infant gut microbiome.Cell host & microbe · 2024Trial
- Sex modulates the long-term effects of delivery mode on microbiota-gut barrier crosstalk and colitis susceptibility in mice.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Gut microbiomes of tribal communities in India vary with dairy and grain consumption.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota translocation and dissemination in health: can it be beneficial and purposeful?Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Maternal obesity alters human milk oligosaccharides content and correlates with early acquisition of late colonizers in the neonatal gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Article
- Maternal secretor status and human milk oligosaccharides influence the infant gut resistome.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Microbial-derived tryptophan metabolites in the infant gut associate with increased risk of asthma following cesarean section.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Incidence of mastoiditis complications in relation to prior community-based antibiotic treatment.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Article
- Distinct Inflammation-Associated Microbiome Signatures in Pediatric Non-IgE-Mediated Food Allergy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Antibiotic-Induced Genotoxicity: Molecular Mechanisms, Cytogenetic Damage, and Implications for Human Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Global analysis of infant gut microbiota revealed distinctive maturation dynamics across lifestyles.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Probiotic Yeasts and Bacteria: A Complementary Approach to Gut Health.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- The Role ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Maternal and infant gut microbiome.iMeta · 2026Review
786 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Early childhood is a critical stage for the foundation and development of both the microbiome and host. Early-life antibiotic exposures, cesarean section, and formula feeding could disrupt microbiome establishment and adversely affect health later in life. We profiled microbial development during the first 2 years of life in a cohort of 43 U.S. infants and identified multiple disturbances associated with antibiotic exposures, cesarean section, and formula feeding. These exposures contributed to altered establishment of maternal bacteria, delayed microbiome development, and altered α-diversity. These findings illustrate the complexity of early-life microbiome development and its sensitivity to perturbation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.