Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27299747›Full record

SynthesisSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2017

Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Davy Vancampfort, Simon Rosenbaum, Felipe Schuch, Philip B Ward, Justin Richards, James Mugisha, Michel Probst, Brendon Stubbs

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03157557 (Multidisciplinary Lifestyle-enhancing Treatment for Long-term Severe Mentally Ill Inpatients), which is not on this map. Cited by 83 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
83citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03157557 nacompletednot on this map

Multidisciplinary Lifestyle-enhancing Treatment for Long-term Severe Mentally Ill Inpatients: Sheltered Housing

TypeinterventionalSponsorGGZ CentraalRan2017 to 2020Enrolled177ConditionsLifestyle, Mental Disorders, SevereArmsLifestyle treatment
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

83 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  9. Trial
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  11. Aerobic and Postural Strength Exercise Benefits in People with Schizophrenia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
    Trial
  12. Insights Following Implementation of an Exercise Intervention in Older Veterans with PTSD.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019
    Trial
  13. Trial
  14. Article
  15. Health care workers' experiences of exercise in forensic psychiatry: a qualitative focus group study.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being · 2025
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review

23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Davy VancampfortDepartment of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. davy.vancampfort@uc-kortenberg.be.
Simon RosenbaumSchool of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Felipe SchuchHospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Philip B WardSchool of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Justin RichardsSchool of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
James MugishaButabika National Referral and Mental Health Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
Michel ProbstDepartment of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Brendon StubbsPhysiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among people with severe mental illness (SMI) (i.e., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder) is a critical clinical risk factor given its relationship to cardiovascular disease and premature mortality.

objectivesThis study aimed to: (1) investigate the mean CRF in people with SMI versus healthy controls; (2) explore moderators of CRF; and (3) investigate whether CRF improved with exercise interventions and establish if fitness improves more than body mass index following exercise interventions.

methodsMajor electronic databases were searched systematically. A meta-analysis calculating Hedges' g statistic was undertaken.

resultsAcross 23 eligible studies, pooled mean CRF was 28.7 mL/kg/min [95 % confidence interval (CI) 27.3 to 30.0 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001, n = 980]. People with SMI had significantly lower CRF compared with controls (n = 310) (Hedges' g = -1.01, 95 % CI -1.18 to -0.85, p < 0.001). There were no differences between diagnostic subgroups. In a multivariate regression, first-episode (β = 6.6, 95 % CI 0.6-12.6) and inpatient (β = 5.3, 95 % CI 1.6-9.0) status were significant predictors of higher CRF. Exercise improved CRF (Hedges' g = 0.33, 95 % CI = 0.21-0.45, p = 0.001), but did not reduce body mass index. Higher CRF improvements were observed following interventions at high intensity, with higher frequency (at least three times per week) and supervised by qualified personnel (i.e., physiotherapists and exercise physiologists).

conclusionThe multidisciplinary treatment of people with SMI should include a focus on improving fitness to reduce all-cause mortality. Qualified healthcare professionals supporting people with SMI in maintaining an active lifestyle should be included as part of multidisciplinary teams in mental health treatment.

Indexed as

Body Mass IndexCardiorespiratory FitnessExerciseHumansMajor Depressive DisorderPhysical FitnessSchizophreniaSchizophrenic PsychologySeverity of Illness Index

Identifiers

PMID27299747

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.