Observational studyRespiratory medicine2016
Etiology of parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema in children. The role of conventional and molecular microbiological tests.
Observational study in Respiratory medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Complicated pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of higher-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis, 2001-2022.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- BinaxNOWClinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Management of Pediatric Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion: Interventional Versus Conservative Approaches in an 11-Year Retrospective Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- No culture? No problem: Clinical utility and pitfalls of non-culture diagnostics for pneumococcal parapneumonic effusions.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Disease Progression of Severe Pneumonia in a Tertiary Hospital in Ethiopia.Ethiopian journal of health sciences · 2025Article
- Incidence, etiologies, and outcomes of severe pediatric community-acquired empyema before and after the pandemic: an Italian multicentric study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Childhood necrotising pneumonia, empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusion secondary to community acquired pneumonia: report of 158 cases from a tertiary hospital in Egypt.Respiratory research · 2025Observational
- Treatment outcomes in pediatric empyema: a retrospective observational study from a tertiary center in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.Pediatric surgery international · 2025Observational
- The value of CT-based radiomics for differentiation of pleural effusions in bacterial pneumonia andTranslational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Group A Streptococcus Infections in Children: Epidemiological Insights Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Parapneumonic empyema in children: a scoping review of the literature.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Article
- The role of the early video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in children with pleural empyema.Pediatric surgery international · 2024Observational
- Evaluation of a multiplex-qPCR for paediatric pleural empyema-An observational study in hospitalised children.PloS one · 2024Observational
- Phenotyping empyema by pleural fluid culture results and macroscopic appearance: an 8-year retrospective study.ERJ open research · 2023Article
- Use of multiplex PCR in pleural effusion: is it necessary to change the paradigm of culture-based methods?Access microbiology · 2023Article
- Therapy of parapneumonic empyema in children: a protocol for a scoping review of the literature.F1000Research · 2023Article
- Incipient empyema as an embolic complication of group A streptococcal septic arthritis in a patient with concomitant influenza B infection.Respirology case reports · 2022Article
- Intrapleural injection of urokinase in the treatment of acuteFrontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Multiplex bacterial polymerase chain reaction in a cohort of patients with pleural effusion.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAn increasing incidence of parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema (PPE/PE) has been reported in recent studies. As only few data on etiology of PPE/PE in Central Europe have been reported, we undertook a study on the etiology of PPE/PE in children, using both standard culture and molecular techniques.
methodsThis prospective study was conducted between June 2011 and December 2013. Consecutive children with PPE/PE complicating community acquired pneumonia, who required diagnostic/therapeutic thoracentesis were included. Blood and pleural fluid samples for microbiological cultures were collected. Molecular methods were applied to identify Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and respiratory viruses in pleural fluid.
resultsThe study group included 64 children, median age 4 (1-15). Seven of 64 (10.9%) blood cultures and 11 of 64 (17.2%) pleural fluid cultures revealed bacterial growth. The most common bacteria detected was S. pneumoniae (13 blood and pleural fluid samples from 11/64 (17.2%) children). DNA sequences of typical bacteria were found in 29/64 (45.3%) pleural fluid samples. S. pneumoniae was identified in 90% of these samples. The most common serotypes were: serotype 6B in 9/26 (36.6%), 19A in 6/26 (23%), serotype 3 in 3/26 (11.5%), 6A and 23F (both in 2/26 i.e. 7.7%) patients. Molecular methods identified atypical bacteria in 8/58 (13.8%) and respiratory viruses in 12/58 (20.7%) pleural fluid samples.
conclusionsS. pneumoniae, in particular serotype 6B and 19A, is the most common etiologic agent of PPE/PE in Polish children. The use of PCR significantly improves pathogen identification in pleural fluid.
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