ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2016
Antigenic variability: Obstacles on the road to vaccines against traditionally difficult targets.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Molecular pathogenesis, global epidemiological trends, and treatment strategies for pteropine orthoreoviruses: a narrative review.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Review
- mRNA-based influenza vaccine expands the B cell response breadth in humans.Nature immunology · 2026Observational
- A mutation-aware proteomics approach for designing a multi-epitope vaccine against multidrug-resistantMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- "Addressing rising dengue burden in Pakistan: is it time to consider dengue vaccination?"Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Current Evolutionary Dynamics of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in the U.S. a Decade After Introduction.Viruses · 2025Article
- Peptide immunoarrays for rationale development of vaccines with enhanced cross-reactivity.PloS one · 2025Article
- UNAM-HIMFG Bacterial Lysate Activates the Immune Response and Inhibits Colonization of Bladder of Balb/c Mice Infected with the Uropathogenic CFT073International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Identification of vaccine candidates againstHeliyon · 2023Article
- Comparative Reverse Vaccinology ofVaccines · 2022Article
- Highlight of potential impact of new viral genotypes of SARS-CoV-2 on vaccines and anti-viral therapeutics.Gene reports · 2022Article
- Vaccines and Immunoinformatics for Vaccine Design.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2022Article
- Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2021Review
- Comprehensive Bioinformatic Assessments of the Variability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Vaccine Candidates.mSphere · 2021Article
- Gamma irradiation-mediated inactivation of enveloped viruses with conservation of genome integrity: Potential application for SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine development.Open life sciences · 2021Review
- Generation of multiepitope cancer vaccines based on large combinatorial libraries of survivin-derived mutant epitopes.Immunology · 2020Article
- Emergence and evolution of highly pathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by natural recombination of a low pathogenic vaccine isolate and a highly pathogenic strain in theVirus evolution · 2020Article
- Integrating Biomaterials and Immunology to Improve Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2020Review
- Immunoinformatics and Vaccine Development: An Overview.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2020Review
- Antigenic Variability.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Designs of Antigen Structure and Composition for Improved Protein-Based Vaccine Efficacy.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the impressive impact of vaccines on public health, the success of vaccines targeting many important pathogens and cancers has to date been limited. The burden of infectious diseases today is mainly caused by antigenically variable pathogens (AVPs), which escape immune responses induced by prior infection or vaccination through changes in molecular structures recognized by antibodies or T cells. Extensive genetic and antigenic variability is the major obstacle for the development of new or improved vaccines against "difficult" targets. Alternative, qualitatively new approaches leading to the generation of disease- and patient-specific vaccine immunogens that incorporate complex permanently changing epitope landscapes of intended targets accompanied by appropriate immunomodulators are urgently needed. In this review, we highlight some of the most critical common issues related to the development of vaccines against many pathogens and cancers that escape protective immune responses owing to antigenic variation, and discuss recent efforts to overcome the obstacles by applying alternative approaches for the rational design of new types of immunogens.
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