ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2016
Sepsis, parenteral vaccination and skin disinfection.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of alcohol skin cleansing on vaccination-associated infections and local skin reactions: a randomized controlled trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Trial
- Case-control study of risk factors for abscess development following hepatitis B vaccination in children in Timor-Leste, 2024.PloS one · 2026Article
- Nurses' Attitudes and Clinical Judgment on Skin Disinfection Before Subcutaneous Injection: Impact of Setting, Experience, and Normative Beliefs.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2025Article
- Investigating Osteomyelitis as a Rare Adverse Effect of Vaccination in the Pediatric Population.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Minimizing shoulder injury related to vaccine administration.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- Injection site vaccinology of a recombinant vaccinia-based vector reveals diverse innate immune signatures.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Septic Shoulder Joint After Pneumococcal Vaccination Requiring Surgical Debridement.HSS journal : the musculoskeletal journal of Hospital for Special Surgery · 2018Article
- Herpes zoster vaccine (Zostavax®): Cellulitic injection site reaction or bacterial cellulitis?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
ASBSTRACT Disinfection should be required for all skin penetrative procedures including parenteral administration of vaccines. This review analyses medically attended infectious events following parenteral vaccination in terms of their microbiological aetiology and pathogenesis. Like 'clean' surgical site infections, the major pathogens responsible for these events were Staphylococcal species, implicating endogenous con-tamination as a significant source of infection. As 70% isopropyl alcohol swabbing has been shown to effectively disinfect the skin, it would be medico-legally difficult to defend a case of sepsis with the omission of skin disinfection unless the very low risk of this event was adequately explained to the patient and documented prior to vaccination. There was a significant cost-benefit for skin disinfection and cellulitis. Skin disinfection in the context of parenteral vaccination represents a new paradigm of medical practice; the use of a low cost intervention to prevent an event of very low prevalence but of significant cost.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.