ArticleImmunity2016
Airway Memory CD4(+) T Cells Mediate Protective Immunity against Emerging Respiratory Coronaviruses.
Article in Immunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04854876 (An Open-Label, Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of 5-ALA-Phosphate + SFC as an Immune System Enhancer Along With Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection), which is not on this map. Cited by 383 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
An Open-Label, Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of 5-ALA-Phosphate + SFC as an Immune System Enhancer Along With Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection
Who cites it
383 citing papers in PubMed, 546 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of Cellular Immune Responses After mRNA-1273 Vaccination in Children 6 Months to 11 Years of Age.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- CD4+ T cells from COVID-19 mRNA vaccine recipients recognize a conserved epitope present in diverse coronaviruses.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Trial
- Humoral and cellular immune responses to CoronaVac up to one year after vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Robust humoral and cellular recall responses to AZD1222 attenuate breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to unvaccinated.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Article
- Multi-antigen coronavirus vaccine induces potent and durable cross-protection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- The first key for the Priority Pathogens: Protective immunogens in development of vaccines and medications.Biosafety and health · 2026Review
- Beyond the blood: Tissue-resident immunity shapes SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antibody responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Compartment-specific phase compensation between pulmonary T-Cell immunity and waning systemic responses in BA.5 breakthrough infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Article
- Early-life viral infection generates pathological tissue-resident memory cells that contribute to asthma-like disease.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Intranasal immunization with live-attenuated RSV-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicits antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immunity and protects against viral challenge and natural infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mechanistic insights and emerging applications of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) treatment: From molecular design to translational immunity.Folia microbiologica · 2026Review
- DNA origami vaccine nanoparticles improve humoral and cellular immune responses to infectious diseases.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- A modular three in one mucosal vaccine against three antigenic clusters of ACE2 using sarbecoviruses.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Broad beta-CoV immunity and transmission blockade by a single-dose live-attenuated vaccine with atypical codon usage.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Lung tissue-resident memory T cells optimize protection by IL-10 regulation of innate immunity.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced humoral, mucosal, and cellular immunity in mice.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comprehensive profiling of smoke-induced T cells in mice implicates clonal γδT17 cells as a hallmark of COPD.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Non-hematopoietic tryptophan metabolism is a driver of ineffective T cell responses during secondary pulmonary bacterial infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
323 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Two zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs)-SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV-have crossed species to cause severe human respiratory disease. Here, we showed that induction of airway memory CD4(+) T cells specific for a conserved epitope shared by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV is a potential strategy for developing pan-coronavirus vaccines. Airway memory CD4(+) T cells differed phenotypically and functionally from lung-derived cells and were crucial for protection against both CoVs in mice. Protection was dependent on interferon-γ and required early induction of robust innate and virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. The conserved epitope was also recognized in SARS-CoV- and MERS-CoV-infected human leukocyte antigen DR2 and DR3 transgenic mice, indicating potential relevance in human populations. Additionally, this epitope was cross-protective between human and bat CoVs, the progenitors for many human CoVs. Vaccine strategies that induce airway memory CD4(+) T cells targeting conserved epitopes might have broad applicability in the context of new CoVs and other respiratory virus outbreaks.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.