ReviewReviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders2016
New chemosensory component in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): first-year results for measured olfactory dysfunction.
Review in Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 5 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 115 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy of Bimodal Visual-Olfactory Training in Participants With COVID-19 Resultant Hyposmia or Anosmia Using Participant-Preferred Scents
Smell in Covid-19 and Efficacy of Nasal Theophylline
Fluvoxamine to Augment Olfactory Recovery For Long COVID-19 Parosmia (FluCOP Trial)
Smell in COVID-19 and Efficacy of Nasal Theophylline 3
A Single-Arm Study to Evaluate the Feasibility of CYR-064 Theophylline Nasal Spray for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Related Hyposmia and Anosmia
Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 222 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychophysical chemosensory dysfunction in eating disorders: a qualitative systematic review.Eating and weight disorders : EWD · 2022Pooled it
- Treatment strategies for postviral olfactory dysfunction: A systematic review.Allergy and asthma proceedings · 2022Pooled it
- The Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in the General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.American journal of rhinology & allergy · 2021Pooled it
- Genetic Variation and Sensory Perception of a Pediatric Formulation of Ibuprofen: Can a Medicine Taste Too Good for Some?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Saline Nasal Irrigation Plus Theophylline for Treatment of COVID-19-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: The SCENT2 Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery · 2022Trial
- Aging-related olfactory loss is associated with olfactory stem cell transcriptional alterations in humans.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Trial
- Self-reported symptom study of COVID-19 chemosensory dysfunction in Malaysia.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Gross Olfaction Before and After Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass.Obesity surgery · 2017Trial
- High Pesticide Exposure Events and Self-Reported and Measured Olfactory Dysfunction.JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery · 2026Article
- Therapeutic effect of intranasal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the restoration of olfactory dysfunction.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluating methods for quantitative olfactory assessment: a comparative longitudinal analysis of Sniffin' Sticks and alternative tools.Chemical senses · 2026Article
- Associations of combined smoking and drinking with subjective and objective olfactory dysfunction: A secondary dataset analysis of NHANES 2013-2014.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Olfactory Dysfunction and Cognitive Decline: Are They Related?Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- Chemosensory tobacco product toxicology part 2: toxicological testing, assays, and state of the science.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Review
- Interaction Between Smoking and Olfactory Function on Frailty: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Unmasking Risk Factors for Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction Resulting From Early Stages of the Pandemic: A Case-Control Study of Lost and Lingering Smells.The Permanente journal · 2025Article
- [Influencing factors of olfactory impairment in OSA and construction of nomogram prediction model].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Association of Olfactory Function with Frailty in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- Towards universal chemosensory testing: needs, barriers, and opportunities.Chemical senses · 2025Article
- Role and Mechanism of Olfactory Stem Cells in the Treatment of Olfactory Disorders.Stem cells international · 2025Review
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The U.S. NHANES included chemosensory assessments in the 2011-2014 protocol. We provide an overview of this protocol and 2012 olfactory exam findings. Of the 1818 NHANES participants aged ≥40 years, 1281 (70.5 %) completed the exam; non-participation mostly was due to time constraints. Health technicians administered an 8-item, forced-choice, odor identification task scored as normosmic (6-8 odors identified correctly) versus olfactory dysfunction, including hyposmic (4-5 correct) and anosmic/severe hyposmic (0-3 correct). Interviewers recorded self-reported smell alterations (during past year, since age 25, phantosmia), histories of sinonasal problems, xerostomia, dental extractions, head or facial trauma, and chemosensory-related treatment and changes in quality of life. Olfactory dysfunction was found in 12.4 % (13.3 million adults; 55 % males/45 % females) including 3.2 % anosmic/severe hyposmic (3.4 million; 74 % males/26 % females). Selected age-specific prevalences were 4.2 % (40-49 years), 12.7 % (60-69 years), and 39.4 % (80+ years). Among adults ≥70 years, misidentification rates for warning odors were 20.3 % for smoke and 31.3 % for natural gas. The highest sensitivity (correctly identifying dysfunction) and specificity (correctly identifying normosmia) of self-reported olfactory alteration was among anosmics/severe hyposmics (54.4 % and 78.1 %, respectively). In age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression analysis, risk factors of olfactory dysfunction were racial/ethnic minority, income-to-poverty ratio ≤ 1.1, education <high school, and heavy drinking. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity reduced risk of impairment. Olfactory dysfunction is prevalent, particularly among older adults. Inexpensive, brief odor identification tests coupled with questions (smell problems past year, since age 25, phantosmia) could screen for marked dysfunction. Healthcare providers should be prepared to offer education on non-olfactory avoidance of hazardous events.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.