ArticlePloS one2016
Transfer of Maternal Immune Cells by Breastfeeding: Maternal Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Present in Breast Milk Localize in the Peyer's Patches of the Nursed Infant.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Multimodal immune phenotyping of maternal peripheral blood in normal human pregnancy.JCI insight · 2020Trial
- Prolactin as an immuno-neuroendocrine integrator: linking immune homeostasis, hematopoietic dynamics and iron metabolism.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Microchimerism: The Hidden Cellular Dialogue Between Mother and Fetal That Shapes Lifelong Immunity.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Human milk: insights on cell composition, organoids and emerging applications.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- IL-7 in colostrum is associated with atopic dermatitis at 9 months of age: A birth cohort in Japan.Asia Pacific allergy · 2026Article
- IgA nephropathy-associated breast milk B cell alterations.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics of leukocyte-enriched human milk reveals a highly diverse and adapted myeloid compartment.PloS one · 2026Article
- The Metabolic-Immune Axis: Amino Acids and Immune Cell Dynamics in Mammary Gland Development and Remodeling.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Functional shifts in immune composition follow lactation stage in human milk.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Maternal consumption of urbanized diet compromises early-life health in association with gut microbiota.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Breast milk stem cells integrate into cellular remodeling and functional differentiation in the ischemic brain.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and microRNAs: Potential Modulators of Intestinal Homeostasis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Review
- Intraepithelial T cells move from gut to breast to shape lactation.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Mammary intraepithelial lymphocytes and intestinal inputs shape T cell dynamics in lactogenesis.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Pregnancy and lactation induce distinct immune responses to COVID-19 booster vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection.JCI insight · 2025Article
- They will be famous: Multipotent stem cells in breast milk.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2025Review
- Lifelong partners: Gut microbiota-immune cell interactions from infancy to old age.Mucosal immunology · 2025Review
- Beyond immunoglobulin G: Dissecting the role of colostrum in programming early immune function in calves.JDS communications · 2025Article
- First reported case of a spontaneous and healthy pregnancy in a woman with persistent CAR T-cells 5 years after treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite our knowledge of the protective role of antibodies passed to infants through breast milk, our understanding of immunity transfer via maternal leukocytes is still limited. To emulate the immunological interface between the mother and her infant while breast-feeding, we used murine pups fostered after birth onto MHC-matched and MHC-mismatched dams. Overall, data revealed that: 1) Survival of breast milk leukocytes in suckling infants is possible, but not significant after the foster-nursing ceases; 2) Most breast milk lymphocytes establish themselves in specific areas of the intestine termed Peyer's patches (PPs); 3) While most leukocytes in the milk bolus were myeloid cells, the majority of breast milk leukocytes localized to PPs were T lymphocytes, and cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in particular; 4) These CTLs exhibit high levels of the gut-homing molecules α4β7 and CCR9, but a reduced expression of the systemic homing marker CD62L; 5) Under the same activation conditions, transferred CD8 T cells through breast milk have a superior capacity to produce potent cytolytic and inflammatory mediators when compared to those generated by the breastfed infant. It is therefore possible that maternal CTLs found in breast milk are directed to the PPs to compensate for the immature adaptive immune system of the infant in order to protect it against constant oral infectious risks during the postnatal phase.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.