ArticleBreast cancer research and treatment2016
Breast cancers from black women exhibit higher numbers of immunosuppressive macrophages with proliferative activity and of crown-like structures associated with lower survival compared to non-black Latinas and Caucasians.
Article in Breast cancer research and treatment, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Prognostic and Clinical Value of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Patients With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Signals from the Adipose Microenvironment and the Obesity-Cancer Link-A Systematic Review.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2017Pooled it
- Cancer-associated adipocytes: metabolic reprogramming, crosstalk and therapeutic implications in tumor progression.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Racial Disparity in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: Risk-Predictive and Actionable Biomarkers for Early Intervention.Cancers · 2026Review
- Hofbauer Cells in Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pathological Fetal Growth.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Article
- Pan-immune-inflammation value: racial variations and differences in prognostic accuracy across breast cancer subtypes at a single institution.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Impact of race/ethnicity and the presence of immune-related adverse events on outcomes for non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2026Article
- Association between body mass index and efficacy of neoadjuvant targeted therapy in HER2-positive breast cancer in a Chinese multicenter cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Race-related host and microbe transcriptomic signatures in triple-negative breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- How multi-scale modeling can help examine social determinants of health and resulting disparities.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Neighborhood Environment, DNA Methylation, and Presence of Crown-Like Structures of the Breast.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Early-Stage Luminal B-like Breast Cancer Exhibits a More Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment than Luminal A-like Breast Cancer.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Impact of Structural Racism and Social Determinants of Health on Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality.Cancer research · 2024Review
- Baseline sLAG-3 levels in Caucasian and African-American breast cancer patients.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Article
- Single-nuclei sequencing of uterine serous carcinoma reveals racial differences in immune signaling.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Spatial N-glycomics of the normal breast microenvironment reveals fucosylated and high-mannose N-glycan signatures related to BI-RADS density and ancestry.Glycobiology · 2024Article
- Article
- CD163Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- The role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor immune evasion.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2024Review
- Biological Basis of Breast Cancer-Related Disparities in Precision Oncology Era.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Racial disparities in breast cancer incidence and outcome are a major health care challenge. Patients in the black race group more likely present with an early onset and more aggressive disease. The occurrence of high numbers of macrophages is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in solid malignancies. Macrophages are observed in adipose tissues surrounding dead adipocytes in "crown-like structures" (CLS). Here we investigated whether the numbers of CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and/or CD163+ CLS are associated with patient survival and whether there are significant differences across blacks, non-black Latinas, and Caucasians. Our findings confirm that race is statistically significantly associated with the numbers of TAMs and CLS in breast cancer, and demonstrate that the highest numbers of CD163+ TAM/CLS are found in black breast cancer patients. Our results reveal that the density of CD206 (M2) macrophages is a significant predictor of progression-free survival univariately and is also significant after adjusting for race and for HER2, respectively. We examined whether the high numbers of TAMs detected in tumors from black women were associated with macrophage proliferation, using the Ki-67 nuclear proliferation marker. Our results reveal that TAMs actively divide when in contact with tumor cells. There is a higher ratio of proliferating macrophages in tumors from black patients. These findings suggest that interventions based on targeting TAMs may not only benefit breast cancer patients in general but also serve as an approach to remedy racial disparity resulting in better prognosis patients from minority racial groups.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.