ArticlePediatric obesity2017
Projecting the impact of hypothetical early life interventions on adiposity in children living in low-income households.
Article in Pediatric obesity, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions Aimed at Decreasing Obesity in Hispanic Children in the First 1000 Days: A Systematic Review.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2018Pooled it
- 'Ripple' effect on infant zBMI trajectory of an internet-based weight loss program for low-income postpartum women.Pediatric obesity · 2019Trial
- Outcomes of an early childhood obesity prevention program in a low-income community: a pilot, randomized trial.Pediatric obesity · 2018Trial
- Generalized framework for identifying meaningful heterogenous treatment effects in observational studies: A parametric data-adaptive G-computation approach.Statistical methods in medical research · 2025Article
- The effects of hypothetical behavioral interventions on the 13-year incidence of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2023Article
- Age-Specific Quantification of Overweight/Obesity Risk Factors From Infancy to Adolescence and Differences by Educational Level of Parents.International journal of public health · 2023Article
- Evaluating the impact of community interventions on childhood obesity in populations living in low-income households in Los Angeles: A simulation study.Pediatric obesity · 2022Article
- The impact of hypothetical interventions on adiposity in adolescence.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Economic evaluation of California prenatal participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) to prevent preterm birth.Preventive medicine · 2019Article
- A review of time scale fundamentals in the g-formula and insidious selection bias.Current epidemiology reports · 2018Article
- G-computation of average treatment effects on the treated and the untreated.BMC medical research methodology · 2017Article
- Association between sociodemographic characteristics and age stopped breastfeeding on early childhood weight status.Obesity research & clinical practiceArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing early childhood obesity using randomized trials. Objective To illustrate how observational data can be analysed using causal inference methods to estimate the potential impact of behavioural 'interventions' on early childhood adiposity. Methods We used longitudinal data from 1054 children 1-5 years old enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children and followed (WIC) from 2008 to 2010 for a mean duration of 23 months. The data came from a random sample of WIC families living in Los Angeles County in 2008. We used the parametric g-formula to estimate the impact of various hypothetical behavioural interventions. Results Adjusted mean weight-for-height Z score at the end of follow-up was 0.73 (95% CI 0.65, 0.81) under no intervention and 0.63 (95% CI 0.38, 0.87) for all interventions given jointly. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or longer was the most effective intervention [population mean difference = -0.11 (95% CI -0.22, 0.01)]. Other interventions had little or no effect. Conclusions Compared with interventions promoting healthy eating and physical activity behaviours, breastfeeding was more effective in reducing obesity risk in children aged 1-5 years. When carefully applied, causal inference methods may offer viable alternatives to randomized trials in etiologic and evaluation research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.