ArticleBMC cancer2016
Stimulation of triple negative breast cancer cell migration and metastases formation is prevented by chloroquine in a pre-irradiated mouse model.
Article in BMC cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond conventional therapies: the evolution of targeted agents and immunotherapies in triple-negative breast cancer.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Captivating Synergistic, Dose-Dependent Anticancer Effects of Tumor-Regulation Modulators Chloroquine and Ivermectin Completely Abolished by an Opposing Modulator, Deoxycholic Acid, in Hamster Fibrosarcoma: In Vivo, In Vitro, and Literature Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Autophagy-Related Proteins in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: From Molecular Insights to Therapeutic Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Noncanonical UPR factor CREB3L2 drives immune evasion of triple-negative breast cancer through Hedgehog pathway modulation in T cells.Science advances · 2025Article
- Pterostilbene Induces Pyroptosis in Breast Cancer Cells through Pyruvate Kinase 2/Caspase-8/Gasdermin C Signaling Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Pharmacology Progresses and Applications of Chloroquine in Cancer Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Review
- Potential effect of chloroquine and propranolol combination to treat colorectal and triple-negative breast cancers.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Role of Autophagy in Breast Cancer Metastasis.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Hedyotis diffusae Herba-Andrographis Herba inhibits the cellular proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and triggers DNA damage through activation of p53 and p21.Cancer gene therapy · 2022Article
- The importance of hypoxia in radiotherapy for the immune response, metastatic potential and FLASH-RT.International journal of radiation biology · 2022Review
- Development of a model for fibroblast-led collective migration from breast cancer cell spheroids to study radiation effects on invasiveness.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2021Article
- Inhibition of Wnt signaling by Frizzled7 antibody-coated nanoshells sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to the autophagy regulator chloroquine.Nano research · 2020Article
- Targeting lysyl oxidase (LOX) overcomes chemotherapy resistance in triple negative breast cancer.Nature communications · 2020Article
- Macrophages Promote Circulating Tumor Cell-Mediated Local Recurrence following Radiotherapy in Immunosuppressed Patients.Cancer research · 2018Article
- Subchronic toxicity, immunoregulation and anti-breast tumor effect of Nordamnacantal, an anthraquinone extracted from the stems of Morinda citrifolia L.BMC complementary and alternative medicine · 2018Article
- Cadmium stimulates metastasis-associated phenotype in triple-negative breast cancer cells through integrin and β-catenin signaling.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2017Article
- Radiation-induced lung metastasis development is MT1-MMP-dependent in a triple-negative breast cancer mouse model.British journal of cancer · 2017Article
- Chloroquine sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to chemotherapy via blocking autophagy and promoting mitochondrial dysfunction.International journal of clinical and experimental pathology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSome triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients are at higher risk of recurrence in the first three years after treatment. This rapid relapse has been suggested to be associated with inflammatory mediators induced by radiation in healthy tissues that stimulate cancer cell migration and metastasis formation. In this study, the ability of chloroquine (CQ) to inhibit radiation-stimulated development of metastasis was assessed.
methodsThe capacity of CQ to prevent radiation-enhancement of cancer cell invasion was assessed in vitro with the TNBC cell lines D2A1, 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 and the non-TNBC cell lines MC7-L1, and MCF-7. In Balb/c mice, a single mammary gland was irradiated with four daily doses of 6 Gy. After the last irradiation, irradiated and control mammary glands were implanted with D2A1 cells. Mice were treated with CQ (vehicle, 40 or 60 mg/kg) 3 h before each irradiation and then every 72 h for 3 weeks. Migration of D2A1 cells in the mammary gland, the number of circulating tumor cells and lung metastasis were quantified, and also the expression of some inflammatory mediators.
resultsIrradiated fibroblasts have increased the invasiveness of the TNBC cell lines only, a stimulation that was prevented by CQ. On the other hand, invasiveness of the non-TNBC cell lines, which was not enhanced by irradiated fibroblasts, was also not significantly modified by CQ. In Balb/c mice, treatment with CQ prevented the stimulation of D2A1 TNBC cell migration in the pre-irradiated mammary gland, and reduced the number of circulating tumor cells and lung metastases. This protective effect of CQ was associated with a reduced expression of the inflammatory mediators interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2, while the levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 were not modified. CQ also promoted a blocking of autophagy.
conclusionCQ prevented radiation-enhancement of TNBC cell invasion and reduced the number of lung metastases in a mouse model.
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