ArticleNature2016
Systemic RNA delivery to dendritic cells exploits antiviral defence for cancer immunotherapy.
Article in Nature, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 958 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
958 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,692 citations in OpenAlex.
- Splenic hilum nodal involvement in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer: meta-analysis.BJS open · 2026Pooled it
- Modular mRNA cocktail enables synergistic activation of antigen-specific T cells for cancer immunotherapy.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Opportunities and challenges for cancer immunotherapy based on antigen cross-presentation.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Surface charge of LNP and V-ATPase activity of target cell synergize in functional delivery of nucleic acidInternational journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Preventive and therapeutic efficacy of mRNA/LNP vaccines encoding HPV16 E6 and E7 in an early-intervention HPV tumor mouse models.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Engineering lipid nanoparticle surface hydrophobicity to modulate nano-bio interface and enable tissue-selective mRNA delivery.Biomaterials · 2026Article
- The advances and challenges of mRNA-LNP application in fields of hematology and oncology therapeutics.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- IL7R mRNA therapy enhances antitumor T cell immunity and suppresses tumor growth in preclinical tumor models.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Structural evolution of ionizable lipids for nucleic acid delivery.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2026Review
- Exploring the potential of mRNA vaccines in combatting communicable and non-communicable diseases in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
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- COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines as Antigen-Agnostic Immunomodulators: A Repurposing Perspective.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Messenger RNA delivery of a dual CD25/CD122 affinity-tuned IL-2 variant prolongs exposure and potentiates antitumor T cell immunity.Science advances · 2026Article
- Therapeutic vaccines for NSCLC: From mechanisms to clinical translation.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2026Review
- Beyond the genetic code: orchestrating epigenetic and immune landscapes with multivalent mRNA-exosome vaccines.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Antigen Spreading via Localized Administration Enhances Adoptive TCR-T Cell Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Cold and hot tumors: immunological determinants, cancer-immunity cycle dysregulation, and nanotechnology-driven therapeutic approaches.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- An integrated nanopore-microfluidic platform for low-voltage electroporation of delivering self-amplifying RNA into dendritic cells.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Article
- Self-Cooperative RNA Vaccine Mitigates Dendritic Cell-Mediated Acquired Immune Resistance to Potentiate Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
898 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
28 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lymphoid organs, in which antigen presenting cells (APCs) are in close proximity to T cells, are the ideal microenvironment for efficient priming and amplification of T-cell responses. However, the systemic delivery of vaccine antigens into dendritic cells (DCs) is hampered by various technical challenges. Here we show that DCs can be targeted precisely and effectively in vivo using intravenously administered RNA-lipoplexes (RNA-LPX) based on well-known lipid carriers by optimally adjusting net charge, without the need for functionalization of particles with molecular ligands. The LPX protects RNA from extracellular ribonucleases and mediates its efficient uptake and expression of the encoded antigen by DC populations and macrophages in various lymphoid compartments. RNA-LPX triggers interferon-α (IFNα) release by plasmacytoid DCs and macrophages. Consequently, DC maturation in situ and inflammatory immune mechanisms reminiscent of those in the early systemic phase of viral infection are activated. We show that RNA-LPX encoding viral or mutant neo-antigens or endogenous self-antigens induce strong effector and memory T-cell responses, and mediate potent IFNα-dependent rejection of progressive tumours. A phase I dose-escalation trial testing RNA-LPX that encode shared tumour antigens is ongoing. In the first three melanoma patients treated at a low-dose level, IFNα and strong antigen-specific T-cell responses were induced, supporting the identified mode of action and potency. As any polypeptide-based antigen can be encoded as RNA, RNA-LPX represent a universally applicable vaccine class for systemic DC targeting and synchronized induction of both highly potent adaptive as well as type-I-IFN-mediated innate immune mechanisms for cancer immunotherapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.