ArticlePloS one2016
Optimizing Timing of Immunotherapy Improves Control of Tumors by Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 208 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
208 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 311 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of immunotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy in limited-stage small cell lung cancer: a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab Monotherapy or Combined Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Current gene therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Adoptive T-Cell Therapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review.The oncologist · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors for locally advanced stages of esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Bridging Radiotherapy to Immunotherapy: The IFN-JAK-STAT Axis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- A randomized phase II clinical trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and systemic pembrolizumab with or without intratumoral avelumab/ipilimumab plus CD1c (BDCA-1)Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Trial
- Dose-Limiting Pulmonary Toxicity in a Phase 1/2 Study of Radiation and Chemotherapy with Ipilimumab Followed by Nivolumab for Patients With Stage 3 Unresectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics · 2023Trial
- Differential Association Between Circulating Lymphocyte Populations With Outcome After Radiation Therapy in Subtypes of Liver Cancer.International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics · 2018Trial
- Radiotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment: mechanisms of clinical synergy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Combinatorial Delivery of Low-Dose Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy to Patients with Immune-Excluded Tumors Enhances CD8+ T-cell Functionality.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Article
- Timing matters: how mechanism-guided sequencing shapes the efficacy of radiotherapy-immunotherapy combinations : A systematic review.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2026Review
- Radiotherapy and immunotherapy for advanced cancers: A meta-analysis of dose, sequencing, and survival patterns.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- Radiotherapy and Immune System Interactions Historical Perspectives and Clinical Advancements.Molecular carcinogenesis · 2026Review
- CD20-Targeted α-Radionuclides Synergize with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition to Treat Murine Lymphoma.Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2026Article
- Combining External Beam Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- Radiation as an immune modulator: mechanisms and implications for combination with immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Integrated management of immunotherapy and radiotherapy for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a narrative review of current landscape and future directions.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
- PD-1 inhibitor improves radiosensitivity by tumor vessel normalization.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Evaluating the efficacy and immunological impact of combined ICIs and SBRT in HCC: A narrative literature review.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Review
148 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The anecdotal reports of promising results seen with immunotherapy and radiation in advanced malignancies have prompted several trials combining immunotherapy and radiation. However, the ideal timing of immunotherapy with radiation has not been clarified. Tumor bearing mice were treated with 20Gy radiation delivered only to the tumor combined with either anti-CTLA4 antibody or anti-OX40 agonist antibody. Immunotherapy was delivered at a single timepoint around radiation. Surprisingly, the optimal timing of these therapies varied. Anti-CTLA4 was most effective when given prior to radiation therapy, in part due to regulatory T cell depletion. Administration of anti-OX40 agonist antibody was optimal when delivered one day following radiation during the post-radiation window of increased antigen presentation. Combination treatment of anti-CTLA4, radiation, and anti-OX40 using the ideal timing in a transplanted spontaneous mammary tumor model demonstrated tumor cures. These data demonstrate that the combination of immunotherapy and radiation results in improved therapeutic efficacy, and that the ideal timing of administration with radiation is dependent on the mechanism of action of the immunotherapy utilized.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.