ReviewCritical reviews in toxicology2016
Comprehensive review of epidemiological and animal studies on the potential carcinogenic effects of nicotine per se.
Review in Critical reviews in toxicology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of possible serious adverse health effects of nicotine replacement therapy.Archives of toxicology · 2017Pooled it
- The emerging role of oral nicotine pouches in tobacco harm reduction.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Review
- A systematic review of preclinical studies evaluating the association between nicotine and the initiation and progression of cancer.Annals of translational medicine · 2023Review
- Nickel-induced transcriptional memory in lung epithelial cells promotes interferon signaling upon nicotine exposure.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2023Article
- Beliefs and Characteristics Associated With Believing Nicotine Causes Cancer: A Descriptive Analysis to Inform Corrective Message Content and Priority Audiences.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking: chemical mechanisms and cancer prevention.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2022Review
- Toxicological interaction between tobacco smoke toxicants cadmium and nicotine: An in-vitro investigation.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2021Article
- Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke.Archives of toxicology · 2021Article
- Can electronic-cigarette vaping cause cancer?Journal of cancer biology · 2021Article
- E-Cigarettes as a Growing Threat for Children and Adolescents: Position Statement From the European Academy of Paediatrics.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- Review
- Early Life Exposure to Nicotine: Postnatal Metabolic, Neurobehavioral and Respiratory Outcomes and the Development of Childhood Cancers.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2020Review
- Cytotoxic and genotoxic evaluation of cotinine using human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y).Genetics and molecular biology · 2020Article
- Electronic-cigarette smoke induces lung adenocarcinoma and bladder urothelial hyperplasia in mice.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Mitochondria as a possible target for nicotine action.Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes · 2019Review
- Journal Club-Electronic Cigarettes and Vaping as a Harm Reduction Alternative: Really?Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.) · 2019Article
- Acute pulmonary effects of aerosolized nicotine.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2019Article
- Cardiovascular, carcinogenic and reproductive effects of nicotine exposure: A narrative review of the scientific literature.F1000Research · 2019Review
- Are electronic cigarettes a healthier alternative to conventional tobacco smoking?European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The effects of long-term use of nicotine per se on cancer risk, in the absence of tobacco extract or smoke, are not clearly understood. This review evaluates the strength of published scientific evidence, in both epidemiological and animal studies, for the potential carcinogenic effects of nicotine per se; that is to act as a complete carcinogen or as a modulator of carcinogenesis. For human studies, there appears to be inadequate evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and the presence of or lack of a carcinogenic effect due to the limited information available. In animal studies, limited evidence suggests an association between long-term nicotine exposure and a lack of a complete carcinogenic effect. Conclusive studies using current bioassay guidelines, however, are missing. In studies using chemical/physical carcinogens or transgenic models, there appears to be inadequate evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and the presence of or lack of a modulating (stimulating) effect on carcinogenesis. This is primarily due to the large number of conflicting studies. In contrast, a majority of studies provides sufficient evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and enhanced carcinogenesis of cancer cells inoculated in mice. This modulating effect was especially prominent in immunocompromized mice. Overall, taking the human and animal studies into consideration, there appears to be inadequate evidence to conclude that nicotine per se does or does not cause or modulate carcinogenesis in humans. This conclusion is in agreement with the recent US Surgeon General's 2014 report on the health consequences of nicotine exposure.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.