ArticleBMC veterinary research2016
Comparison of the effects of ketamine and fentanyl-midazolam-medetomidine for sedation of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Use of Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride as a Single Pharmaceutical and in Combination with Ketamine for Sedation of Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis).Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Physiological and Sedation Parameters of Zenalpha (Medetomidine and Vatinoxan Hydrochloride Injection) in Combination with Ketamine in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2026Article
- Cage-Side Blood Collections from the Ear Can Be Used for Hematological Evaluations in Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata).Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2026Article
- Comparison of Three Different Balanced Sedative-Anaesthetic Protocols in Captive BaboonsVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Development of a System to Deliver Inhalational Antibiotics to Marmosets.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development of nebulized inhalation delivery for fusion-inhibitory lipopeptides to protect non-human primates against Nipah-Bangladesh infection.Antiviral research · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Baboon (Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Large animal models for cardiac remuscularization studies: A methodological review.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Review
- Neuroinflammation and status epilepticus: a narrative review unraveling a complex interplay.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- A hidden Markov model reliably characterizes ketamine-induced spectral dynamics in macaque local field potentials and human electroencephalograms.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Rapid Recovery and Short Duration Anesthesia after Low Dose Ketamine and High Dose Dexmedetomidine in Rhesus Macaques (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2021Article
- Review
- Using non-invasive neuroimaging to enhance the care, well-being and experimental outcomes of laboratory non-human primates (monkeys).NeuroImage · 2021Review
- Ketamine-induced neuromuscular reactivity is associated with aging in female rhesus macaques.PloS one · 2020Article
- Effect of different anesthetic mixtures-ketamine-xylazine, ketamine-acepromazine and tiletamine-zolazepam-on the physiological and blood biochemistry parameters of male rhesus monkeys (Animal models and experimental medicine · 2019Article
- Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine for the Immobilization of Rhesus Macaques (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study assessed the effects of sedation using a combination of fentanyl, midazolam and medetomidine in comparison to ketamine. Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta), (n = 16, 5 males and 3 females randomly allocated to each treatment group) received either ketamine (KET) (10 mg.kg(-1)) or fentanyl-midazolam-medetomidine (FMM) (10 μg/kg(-1); 0.5 mg.kg(-1); 20 μg.kg(-1)) both IM. Oxygen (100%) was provided by mask and heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, EtCO2 and depth of sedation were assessed every 5 min for 20 min. After the last time point, FMM monkeys were reversed with atipamezole-naloxone (0.2 mg.kg(-1); 10 μg.kg(-1)). Recovery was scored using clinical scoring scheme. Differences in physiological parameters and quality of sedation were compared using Area Under the Curve (AUC) method and either Mann-Witney or t-student tests.
resultsHeart rate (beats/min) (Ket = 119 ± 18; FMM = 89 ± 17; p = 0.0066), systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (Ket = 109 ± 10; FMM = 97 ± 10; p = 0.0313), and respiratory rate (breaths/min) (Ket = 39 ± 9; FMM = 29 ± 10; p = 0.0416) were significantly lower in the FMM group. End-tidal CO2 (mmHg) did not differ between the groups (KET = 33 ± 8; FMM = 42 ± 11; p = 0.0462). Although some depression of physiological parameters was seen with FMM, the variables all remained within the normal ranges in both groups. Onset of a sufficient degree of sedation for safe handling was more rapid with ketamine (KET = 2.9 ± 1.4 min; FMM = 7.9 ± 1.2 min; p = 0.0009), but FMM recovery was faster (KET = 21.4 ± 13.4 min; FMM = 9.1 ± 3.6 min; p = 0.0379) and of better quality (KET = 1.3 ± 0.9; FMM = 7.4 ± 1.9; p = 0.0009) most probably because of the effectiveness of the reversal agents used.
conclusionFMM provides an easily reversible immobilization with a rapid and good recovery quality and may prove a useful alternative to ketamine.
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