ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2016
A class II KNOX gene, KNOX4, controls seed physical dormancy.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cracking the Hard Seed: Molecular Mechanisms and Multi-Omics Insights into Seed Dormancy and Germination in the GenusInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Global Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Seed Physical Dormancy Formation inGenes · 2025Article
- ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE promotes physical dormancy in Medicago truncatula seeds.Plant physiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Global variation in seed covering structure hardness of woody species with orthodox seeds.Annals of botany · 2025Article
- Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of lentil seed imbibition and dormancy in relation to its domestication.The plant genome · 2025Article
- QTL-Seq and Fine-Mapping Analyses Identify QTL and Candidate Genes Controlling Snake-like Pod Surface Trait in Vegetable Cowpea Yardlong Bean.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Unraveling the Evolutionary Tales ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Physical Seed Dormancy in Legumes: Molecular Advances and Perspectives.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Research advances on the hard seededness trait of soybean and the underlying regulatory mechanisms.Frontiers in plant science · 2024Review
- Physical seed dormancy in pea is genetically separable from seed coat thickness and roughness.Frontiers in plant science · 2024Article
- Transcript profiling of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) identified interesting genes for seed dormancy.The plant genome · 2023Article
- DomesticatingFrontiers in plant science · 2023Article
- Genome-wide association mapping in hairy vetch (Frontiers in plant science · 2023Article
- Genome-Wide Identification of Wheat KNOX Gene Family and Functional Characterization ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- The Seed Coat's Impact on Crop Performance in Pea (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Nano-priming as emerging seed priming technology for sustainable agriculture-recent developments and future perspectives.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Review
- Seed Germination Mechanism ofFrontiers in plant science · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Physical dormancy of seed is an adaptive trait that widely exists in higher plants. This kind of dormancy is caused by a water-impermeable layer that blocks water and oxygen from the surrounding environment and keeps embryos in a viable status for a long time. Most of the work on hardseededness has focused on morphological structure and phenolic content of seed coat. The molecular mechanism underlying physical dormancy remains largely elusive. By screening a large number of Tnt1 retrotransposon-tagged Medicago truncatula lines, we identified nondormant seed mutants from this model legume species. Unlike wild-type hard seeds exhibiting physical dormancy, the mature mutant seeds imbibed water quickly and germinated easily, without the need for scarification. Microscopic observations of cross sections showed that the mutant phenotype was caused by a dysfunctional palisade cuticle layer in the seed coat. Chemical analysis found differences in lipid monomer composition between the wild-type and mutant seed coats. Genetic and molecular analyses revealed that a class II KNOTTED-like homeobox (KNOXII) gene, KNOX4, was responsible for the loss of physical dormancy in the seeds of the mutants. Microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses identified CYP86A, a gene associated with cutin biosynthesis, as one of the downstream target genes of KNOX4 This study elucidated a novel molecular mechanism of physical dormancy and revealed a new role of class II KNOX genes. Furthermore, KNOX4-like genes exist widely in seed plants but are lacking in nonseed species, indicating that KNOX4 may have diverged from the other KNOXII genes during the evolution of seed plants.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.