ArticlePloS one2016
The Influence of Smoking on Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantifying the evidence and burden of smoking behaviour on tuberculosis incidence among adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Analysis of Drug Resistance Characteristics and Risk Factors of Cavitary Tuberculosis Based on Whole Genome Sequencing and Machine Learning.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Treatment outcomes in cavitary multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis and risk factors for cavity closure: a retrospective cohort study in Southwest China.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Construction and Validation of a Nomogram to Identify the Risk of Cavitation in Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Infection and drug resistance · 2024Article
- Higher plasma interleukin - 6 levels are associated with lung cavitation in drug-resistant tuberculosis.BMC immunology · 2023Article
- Smoking behavior change and the risk of pneumonia hospitalization among smokers with diabetes mellitus.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes among pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2022Article
- The Interaction of Diabetes and Tuberculosis: Translating Research to Policy and Practice.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Review
- A dose-response relationship of smoking with tuberculosis infection: A cross-sectional study among 21008 rural residents in China.PloS one · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBoth smoking and diabetes can increase the risk and influence the manifestations and outcomes of tuberculosis (TB). It is not clear whether the influence of smoking on pulmonary TB differs between non-diabetic and diabetic patients. Herein, we assessed the manifestations and outcomes of TB in relation to smoking in both diabetic and non-diabetic TB patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsAll diabetic culture-positive pulmonary TB patients notified from 2005-2010 at three teaching hospitals in Taiwan were enrolled. A culture-positive pulmonary TB patient without DM who was notified to the health authority immediately prior to each diabetic TB patient was selected for comparison. The 972 patients in this study cohort included 365 (37.6%) non-diabetic non-smokers, 149 (15.3%) non-diabetic smokers, 284 (29.2%) diabetic non-smokers, and 174 (17.9%) diabetic smokers. The adjusted relative risk of a pretreatment positive smear for a smoker compared with a non-smoker was 2.19 (95% CI 1.38-3.47) in non-diabetic patients and 2.23 (95% CI 1.29-3.87) in diabetic culture-positive pulmonary TB patients. The adjusted relative risk for a positive smear among diabetic smokers was 5.61 (95% CI 3.35-9.41) compared with non-diabetic non-smokers. Smoking was significantly associated with an increased frequency of bilateral lung parenchyma involvement (AdjOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.16-2.93), far-advanced pulmonary TB (AdjOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.04-3.50), cavitary lesions (AdjOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.29-3.20), and unfavorable outcomes of TB (AdjOR 2.35, 95% CI 1.02-5.41) in non-diabetic patients. However, smoking was not associated with cavitary lung parenchyma lesions regarding the location, number or size of the cavity in diabetic TB patients. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Smoking and diabetes have joint effects on a pretreatment positive smear. Diabetic smokers had more than a 5-fold increased risk of a pretreatment positive smear than did non-diabetic non-smokers, indicating remarkable joint effects of diabetes and smoking on the risk of TB transmission.
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